• Does this one need an electrician?

    From Scott@21:1/5 to All on Thu Mar 20 09:56:04 2025
    I have checked another light switch. Again no grommet.

    However, this time there are five red wires and one black. Two live
    wires are connected to the COM terminal on the switch with one
    switched wire on L1. Two of the red wires are out of use with the ends
    wrapped in insulating tape (white). The black wire is connected to the
    earthing terminal.

    It seems to me there should definitely be a grommet (though it will be
    a tight fit with six wires entering), the live wires should be sleeved
    in brown, there must be a better way to terminate the unused cables
    and especially it is concerning that the neutral could be connected to
    the earth terminal (which then connects to the screws for the the
    switch). What colour should be used to sleeve a disused wire?

    Can I fix it, or is it time to call in the experts? My friend (who is
    a retired electrical engineer) knows more about 11kV though I expect
    the general principles are the same :-)

    What do the bright sparks think?

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  • From John@21:1/5 to [email protected] on Thu Mar 20 12:08:11 2025
    On Thu, 20 Mar 2025 09:56:04 +0000, Scott
    <[email protected]> wrote:

    I have checked another light switch. Again no grommet.

    However, this time there are five red wires and one black. Two live
    wires are connected to the COM terminal on the switch with one
    switched wire on L1. Two of the red wires are out of use with the ends wrapped in insulating tape (white). The black wire is connected to the earthing terminal.

    It seems to me there should definitely be a grommet (though it will be
    a tight fit with six wires entering), the live wires should be sleeved
    in brown, there must be a better way to terminate the unused cables
    and especially it is concerning that the neutral could be connected to
    the earth terminal (which then connects to the screws for the the
    switch). What colour should be used to sleeve a disused wire?

    Can I fix it, or is it time to call in the experts? My friend (who is
    a retired electrical engineer) knows more about 11kV though I expect
    the general principles are the same :-)

    What do the bright sparks think?

    I am not a bright spark, but I am a very cynical one. Given the
    oddities here do not assume that the black wire is a neutral.
    I once; long ago, found a three phase system where somebody had used a
    red black and green three core cable for the three phase conductors.
    The explanation was basically that "Old George did that and he picked
    up bad habits during the war".
    John
    --
    Regards

    John

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  • From John Rumm@21:1/5 to Scott on Thu Mar 20 12:09:00 2025
    On 20/03/2025 09:56, Scott wrote:

    I have checked another light switch. Again no grommet.

    This will be very common - in fact in many older installs it would be
    rare to see a grommet. It is more an issue during installation than use
    unless it is on a circuit that is fully loaded to near capacity
    relatively frequently (where thermal expansion might result in regular
    cable movement).

    However, this time there are five red wires and one black. Two live
    wires are connected to the COM terminal on the switch with one
    switched wire on L1. Two of the red wires are out of use with the ends wrapped in insulating tape (white). The black wire is connected to the earthing terminal.

    It seems to me there should definitely be a grommet (though it will be
    a tight fit with six wires entering), the live wires should be sleeved
    in brown, there must be a better way to terminate the unused cables

    You would normally only sleeve a wire when it is being used for a
    purpose that conflicts with its colour. So for example, in a single "one
    way" light switch you will typically have two wires *both* of which are
    live - one permanent, one switched. Since this is commonly supplied with
    a normal T&E cable, one should over sleeve the black/blue in Red / Brown (depending on the colour scheme being used), to indicate the change of
    use. Again however is is very common for this to be missing. For an electrician, they may disregard the convention since it is "obvious"
    that is what is going on. Arguably if you are poking about in the back
    of switches, then it should ideally also be obvious to you as well.

    (The sleeving is still very handy, when there are multiple cables - say
    in a ceiling rose, since it makes identifying the switch cable easy when
    the rose has been disconnected. As evidenced by the number of posts we
    have had here over the years along the lines of "I changed the ceiling
    rose, and put all the reds together and all the backs together, and now
    the circuit trips when I turn the light on")

    and especially it is concerning that the neutral could be connected to
    the earth terminal (which then connects to the screws for the the
    switch).

    Do you know if it *is* actually neutral though?

    What colour should be used to sleeve a disused wire?

    Depends on if it is still connected to anything. The "by the book" way
    of dealing with unused wires is they should be made off in an unused
    terminal, and connected to earth at at least one end. In the latter case
    you could sleeve it in green/yellow.

    In reality, taped over wires are common. Folded in some sleeving is also
    common ( and arguably better than tape where the glue could fail over
    time and it comes unwrapped).

    Can I fix it,

    Is it broken? Is there an immediate safety risk to users?

    If not it might be better left alone.

    or is it time to call in the experts? My friend (who is
    a retired electrical engineer) knows more about 11kV though I expect
    the general principles are the same :-)

    Surprisingly there can be quite a big disparity between distribution
    side, and consumer side as to what is normal and accepted.

    What do the bright sparks think?

    Time for tea :-)

    --
    Cheers,

    John.

    /=================================================================\
    | Internode Ltd - http://www.internode.co.uk | |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
    | John Rumm - john(at)internode(dot)co(dot)uk | \=================================================================/

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  • From Tricky Dicky@21:1/5 to Scott on Thu Mar 20 12:18:09 2025
    Scott <[email protected]> wrote:
    I have checked another light switch. Again no grommet.

    However, this time there are five red wires and one black. Two live
    wires are connected to the COM terminal on the switch with one
    switched wire on L1. Two of the red wires are out of use with the ends wrapped in insulating tape (white). The black wire is connected to the earthing terminal.

    It seems to me there should definitely be a grommet (though it will be
    a tight fit with six wires entering), the live wires should be sleeved
    in brown, there must be a better way to terminate the unused cables
    and especially it is concerning that the neutral could be connected to
    the earth terminal (which then connects to the screws for the the
    switch). What colour should be used to sleeve a disused wire?

    Can I fix it, or is it time to call in the experts? My friend (who is
    a retired electrical engineer) knows more about 11kV though I expect
    the general principles are the same :-)

    What do the bright sparks think?


    Likely it was originally a multiple switch plate, possibly three switches
    which might explain the two taped off red wires which would likely be
    switched lives going to multiple lights originally.

    It looks like the loop in is being done at the switch instead of at the rosette, hence the two reds in COM which will be the live feed going from switch to switch. L1 will be the switched live going to the rosette/light fitting. Check the rosette you will likely find only two wires probably
    done in singles the black neutral being the only wire connecting all the rosettes and the red being the switched live from the switch. Our lighting
    in our 1975 bungalow was done looping in at the switches in our case all
    the wires were done in singles (kind off). Red sheathed wires with a green stripe on one side entered the back box. Stripping the outer sheath
    revealed a second red sheathed conductor and a bare CPC. At the rosettes
    the single and earth switched live and the black neutral were present. Are
    you sure the black wire is actually black and not just discoloured.

    As for grometting the back box some lighting 16mm deep boxes do not need a grommet as the cable entry is peined over forming a rounded edge, running
    your finger over it should verify that.

    Richard

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  • From The Natural Philosopher@21:1/5 to John on Thu Mar 20 12:24:30 2025
    On 20/03/2025 12:08, John wrote:
    I am not a bright spark, but I am a very cynical one. Given the
    oddities here do not assume that the black wire is a neutral.
    I once; long ago, found a three phase system where somebody had used a
    red black and green three core cable for the three phase conductors.
    The explanation was basically that "Old George did that and he picked
    up bad habits during the war".

    Indeed. Worse, I encountered a disco where a three coloured light unit
    was wired up with for colour three phase + earth cable, with the earth
    being used as a common neutral, There was no real earth

    --
    "A point of view can be a dangerous luxury when substituted for insight
    and understanding".

    Marshall McLuhan

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  • From John Rumm@21:1/5 to Tricky Dicky on Thu Mar 20 12:38:50 2025
    On 20/03/2025 12:18, Tricky Dicky wrote:
    Scott <[email protected]> wrote:
    I have checked another light switch. Again no grommet.

    However, this time there are five red wires and one black. Two live
    wires are connected to the COM terminal on the switch with one
    switched wire on L1. Two of the red wires are out of use with the ends
    wrapped in insulating tape (white). The black wire is connected to the
    earthing terminal.

    It seems to me there should definitely be a grommet (though it will be
    a tight fit with six wires entering), the live wires should be sleeved
    in brown, there must be a better way to terminate the unused cables
    and especially it is concerning that the neutral could be connected to
    the earth terminal (which then connects to the screws for the the
    switch). What colour should be used to sleeve a disused wire?

    Can I fix it, or is it time to call in the experts? My friend (who is
    a retired electrical engineer) knows more about 11kV though I expect
    the general principles are the same :-)

    What do the bright sparks think?


    Likely it was originally a multiple switch plate, possibly three switches which might explain the two taped off red wires which would likely be switched lives going to multiple lights originally.

    It looks like the loop in is being done at the switch instead of at the rosette, hence the two reds in COM which will be the live feed going from switch to switch. L1 will be the switched live going to the rosette/light fitting. Check the rosette you will likely find only two wires probably
    done in singles the black neutral being the only wire connecting all the rosettes and the red being the switched live from the switch. Our lighting
    in our 1975 bungalow was done looping in at the switches in our case all
    the wires were done in singles (kind off). Red sheathed wires with a green stripe on one side entered the back box. Stripping the outer sheath
    revealed a second red sheathed conductor and a bare CPC. At the rosettes
    the single and earth switched live and the black neutral were present. Are you sure the black wire is actually black and not just discoloured.

    Yup, you sometimes find "loop through switch" configurations, like in:

    https://wiki.diyfaq.org.uk/index.php/House_Wiring_for_Beginners#Other_Wiring_Options


    As for grometting the back box some lighting 16mm deep boxes do not need a grommet as the cable entry is peined over forming a rounded edge, running your finger over it should verify that.

    Have a plaster handy in case it is not :-)

    --
    Cheers,

    John.

    /=================================================================\
    | Internode Ltd - http://www.internode.co.uk | |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
    | John Rumm - john(at)internode(dot)co(dot)uk | \=================================================================/

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  • From Scott@21:1/5 to All on Thu Mar 20 13:23:08 2025
    On Thu, 20 Mar 2025 12:08:11 +0000, John <[email protected]>
    wrote:

    On Thu, 20 Mar 2025 09:56:04 +0000, Scott
    <[email protected]> wrote:

    I have checked another light switch. Again no grommet.

    However, this time there are five red wires and one black. Two live
    wires are connected to the COM terminal on the switch with one
    switched wire on L1. Two of the red wires are out of use with the ends
    wrapped in insulating tape (white). The black wire is connected to the
    earthing terminal.

    It seems to me there should definitely be a grommet (though it will be
    a tight fit with six wires entering), the live wires should be sleeved
    in brown, there must be a better way to terminate the unused cables
    and especially it is concerning that the neutral could be connected to
    the earth terminal (which then connects to the screws for the the
    switch). What colour should be used to sleeve a disused wire?

    Can I fix it, or is it time to call in the experts? My friend (who is
    a retired electrical engineer) knows more about 11kV though I expect
    the general principles are the same :-)

    What do the bright sparks think?

    I am not a bright spark, but I am a very cynical one. Given the
    oddities here do not assume that the black wire is a neutral.

    I'm not. I said neutral 'could be' connected to the earth terminal. I
    think it's a 'known unknown'. Is there an easy way to find out whether
    the black wire is neutral or earth without tracing it back?

    I once; long ago, found a three phase system where somebody had used a
    red black and green three core cable for the three phase conductors.
    The explanation was basically that "Old George did that and he picked
    up bad habits during the war".
    John

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  • From Scott@21:1/5 to [email protected] on Thu Mar 20 13:33:53 2025
    On Thu, 20 Mar 2025 12:09:00 +0000, John Rumm
    <[email protected]> wrote:

    On 20/03/2025 09:56, Scott wrote:

    I have checked another light switch. Again no grommet.

    This will be very common - in fact in many older installs it would be
    rare to see a grommet. It is more an issue during installation than use >unless it is on a circuit that is fully loaded to near capacity
    relatively frequently (where thermal expansion might result in regular
    cable movement).

    However, this time there are five red wires and one black. Two live
    wires are connected to the COM terminal on the switch with one
    switched wire on L1. Two of the red wires are out of use with the ends
    wrapped in insulating tape (white). The black wire is connected to the
    earthing terminal.

    It seems to me there should definitely be a grommet (though it will be
    a tight fit with six wires entering), the live wires should be sleeved
    in brown, there must be a better way to terminate the unused cables

    You would normally only sleeve a wire when it is being used for a
    purpose that conflicts with its colour. So for example, in a single "one
    way" light switch you will typically have two wires *both* of which are
    live - one permanent, one switched. Since this is commonly supplied with
    a normal T&E cable, one should over sleeve the black/blue in Red / Brown >(depending on the colour scheme being used), to indicate the change of
    use. Again however is is very common for this to be missing. For an >electrician, they may disregard the convention since it is "obvious"
    that is what is going on.

    Thanks. I get that for the red ones. We discussed this with my
    previous switch. My bigger concern is the black one, which is
    ambiguous. I cannot responsibly sleeve it as earth if I don't know.

    Arguably if you are poking about in the back
    of switches, then it should ideally also be obvious to you as well.

    Agreed, but to be fair I did identify the live cables.

    (The sleeving is still very handy, when there are multiple cables - say
    in a ceiling rose, since it makes identifying the switch cable easy when
    the rose has been disconnected. As evidenced by the number of posts we
    have had here over the years along the lines of "I changed the ceiling
    rose, and put all the reds together and all the backs together, and now
    the circuit trips when I turn the light on")

    and especially it is concerning that the neutral could be connected to
    the earth terminal (which then connects to the screws for the the
    switch).

    Do you know if it *is* actually neutral though?

    Well, no. This is my question, how to find out without taking the
    house apart!

    What colour should be used to sleeve a disused wire?

    Depends on if it is still connected to anything. The "by the book" way
    of dealing with unused wires is they should be made off in an unused >terminal, and connected to earth at at least one end. In the latter case
    you could sleeve it in green/yellow.

    In reality, taped over wires are common. Folded in some sleeving is also >common ( and arguably better than tape where the glue could fail over
    time and it comes unwrapped).

    Well, yes. The adhesive seems to be deteriorating here.

    Can I fix it,

    Is it broken? Is there an immediate safety risk to users?

    If not it might be better left alone.

    It's more of a theoretical risk if the black wire is neutral, in a
    fault situation could the two screws not become live? Also, for a
    future inspection I would like to regularise the position.

    or is it time to call in the experts? My friend (who is
    a retired electrical engineer) knows more about 11kV though I expect
    the general principles are the same :-)

    Surprisingly there can be quite a big disparity between distribution
    side, and consumer side as to what is normal and accepted.

    I am reluctant to ask my friend but I'm sure he would fix it for a
    curry.

    What do the bright sparks think?

    Time for tea :-)

    :-)

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  • From John Rumm@21:1/5 to Scott on Thu Mar 20 17:47:42 2025
    On 20/03/2025 13:33, Scott wrote:
    On Thu, 20 Mar 2025 12:09:00 +0000, John Rumm
    <[email protected]> wrote:

    On 20/03/2025 09:56, Scott wrote:

    I have checked another light switch. Again no grommet.

    This will be very common - in fact in many older installs it would be
    rare to see a grommet. It is more an issue during installation than use
    unless it is on a circuit that is fully loaded to near capacity
    relatively frequently (where thermal expansion might result in regular
    cable movement).

    However, this time there are five red wires and one black. Two live
    wires are connected to the COM terminal on the switch with one
    switched wire on L1. Two of the red wires are out of use with the ends
    wrapped in insulating tape (white). The black wire is connected to the
    earthing terminal.

    It seems to me there should definitely be a grommet (though it will be
    a tight fit with six wires entering), the live wires should be sleeved
    in brown, there must be a better way to terminate the unused cables

    You would normally only sleeve a wire when it is being used for a
    purpose that conflicts with its colour. So for example, in a single "one
    way" light switch you will typically have two wires *both* of which are
    live - one permanent, one switched. Since this is commonly supplied with
    a normal T&E cable, one should over sleeve the black/blue in Red / Brown
    (depending on the colour scheme being used), to indicate the change of
    use. Again however is is very common for this to be missing. For an
    electrician, they may disregard the convention since it is "obvious"
    that is what is going on.

    Thanks. I get that for the red ones. We discussed this with my
    previous switch. My bigger concern is the black one, which is
    ambiguous. I cannot responsibly sleeve it as earth if I don't know.

    Arguably if you are poking about in the back
    of switches, then it should ideally also be obvious to you as well.

    Agreed, but to be fair I did identify the live cables.

    Indeed and I was not intending that comment to sound derogatory. More a
    case of doing a bit of research first to make sure you are aware of some
    of the more common options that might be in play.

    (The sleeving is still very handy, when there are multiple cables - say
    in a ceiling rose, since it makes identifying the switch cable easy when
    the rose has been disconnected. As evidenced by the number of posts we
    have had here over the years along the lines of "I changed the ceiling
    rose, and put all the reds together and all the backs together, and now
    the circuit trips when I turn the light on")

    and especially it is concerning that the neutral could be connected to
    the earth terminal (which then connects to the screws for the the
    switch).

    Do you know if it *is* actually neutral though?

    Well, no. This is my question, how to find out without taking the
    house apart!

    Do you know which circuit it is on? If so turn it off. Now measure
    resistance between the unknown wire and earth. You would expect a low resistance in a house with TN earthing. Then disconnect the circuit
    neutral in the CU, and test again. You would expect to read open circuit
    if it is actually a neutral. If it is actually an earth, the you would
    still see a low resistance.

    If it turns out to be a neutral, then disconnect from the backbox and
    stick a wago or similar on it to keep it out of contact with anything.

    What colour should be used to sleeve a disused wire?

    Depends on if it is still connected to anything. The "by the book" way
    of dealing with unused wires is they should be made off in an unused
    terminal, and connected to earth at at least one end. In the latter case
    you could sleeve it in green/yellow.

    In reality, taped over wires are common. Folded in some sleeving is also
    common ( and arguably better than tape where the glue could fail over
    time and it comes unwrapped).

    Well, yes. The adhesive seems to be deteriorating here.

    Can I fix it,

    Is it broken? Is there an immediate safety risk to users?

    If not it might be better left alone.

    It's more of a theoretical risk if the black wire is neutral, in a
    fault situation could the two screws not become live? Also, for a
    future inspection I would like to regularise the position.

    The biggest risk I suppose would be on TN-C-S installation that has lost connection to the incoming Combined Neutral and Earth (CNE) conductor.
    That would make all earthed metalwork in the house (as well as anything connected to neutral) float at mains voltage. However that is a rare circumstance (partly due to the Multiple of PME - making sure that the
    CNE is earthed in multiple locations).

    In that fault scenario I expect you have bigger worries than the screws
    on the light switch!

    Even if live they ought not create a significant shock risk - since it
    would be hard to stay in contact with them for any amount of time.

    or is it time to call in the experts? My friend (who is
    a retired electrical engineer) knows more about 11kV though I expect
    the general principles are the same :-)

    Surprisingly there can be quite a big disparity between distribution
    side, and consumer side as to what is normal and accepted.

    I am reluctant to ask my friend but I'm sure he would fix it for a
    curry.

    What do the bright sparks think?

    Time for tea :-)

    :-)


    --
    Cheers,

    John.

    /=================================================================\
    | Internode Ltd - http://www.internode.co.uk | |-----------------------------------------------------------------|
    | John Rumm - john(at)internode(dot)co(dot)uk | \=================================================================/

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