[continued from previous message]

This formula also explains the attraction between all atoms, all material. It underlines as a common feature all the theories relating to intermolecular forces. The rise of fluid in capillary tubes owes to such electrostatic attraction. How does water
from the ground rise up in plants? Through capillary tubes within the plants: the fluid adheres to the walls of the capillaries in the plants, pulling itself up by the electrostatic forces between the atoms of the fluid and the atoms in the wall linings.

In Figure 3, we extend the derivation of the updated gravitational formula for a hydrogen atom and a helium atom, and two helium atoms. In Fig. 3 we do not draw the electron-to-electron interactions, just the proton to electron and proton to proton
interactions.

The question now is, what is this constant K and what does it really represent? Further, what new insights into the universe can we get from the new electrostatic representation of the formula for universal gravity? That will be discussed in the next
instalment on this topic: the cause of gravity.

Arindam Banerjee
Hampton Park, Melbourne, 25/05/2020

The figures mentioned in the article are to be found in my facebook time, links are

Figure 1: https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=3609632575731180&set=pcb.3609639489063822

Figure 2: https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=3609633399064431&set=pcb.3609639489063822

Figure 3: https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=3609634162397688&set=pcb.3609639489063822

Cheers,
Arindam Banerjee, 26 May 2020

The cause of gravity – 8
Finding the value for the constant K in the updated equation for gravitation involving electrostatics

Consider two isolated Helium atoms separated by a distance of one meter in free space. They each have the mass of 6.6464731*10^-27 Kgs. We make the note that the Helium atom as having equal numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is more suited
than say the hydrogen atom (having just the one proton in the nucleus) to represent masses in general.

According to the law of universal gravitation, the gravitational force between two equal masses, each called m, is
F=Gm^2/d^2, where d is the distance between the masses and G is the universal gravitational constant with the value of 6.674*10^-11 MKS units. (Note: when we use a physics formula, we have to adopt a particular set of fundamental units. MKS means Meter
Kilogram Second. It is thus different from the CGS units of Centimeter Gram Second.)

The attractive gravitational force between two Helium atoms separated by 1 meter will the be:
F=6.674*10^-11*(6.6464731*10^-27)^2/(1)^2, or F=6.674*6.6464731^2*10^(-11-27-27), or
F = 294.828*10^-65, or
F=2.94828*10^-63 Newtons.

The force for the electrostatic/gravitational attraction between two helium atoms separated by one meter is from the formula
F=k*q^2*N1*N2/D^2 , where D is one meter, N1=N2=2 (there being 2 protons/electrons in each atom) and q is 1.6021*10^-19 coulombs (a MKS unit) is
F=k*(1.6021*10^-19)^2*2*2/(1)^2, or
F=k*2.56672441*10^-38*4, or
F=k*10.26689764*10^-38, or
F=k*1.026689764*10-37 Newtons and this value has to be equal to 2.94828*10^-63 Newtons found above from the older formula.

Thus k*1.026689764*10-37 = 2.94828*10^-63 from where we get the value of k as k= 2.87163669*10^-26 MKS units.

The new upgraded formula for gravitational attraction for uncharged masses with N1 and N2 protons/electrons in each; where the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus are roughly similar; and separated by distance D meters is
F=2.87163669*10^-26*N1*N2/D^2 Newtons

Arindam Banerjee
Melbourne, 28 May 2020

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