What can we do with these new toys, we
can implement vector operations and matrice
operations. An then apply it for example

to layered neural networks by
representing them as:

/**
* Network is represented as [N0,M1,N1,...,Mn,Nn]
* - Where N0 are the input neurons vector
* - Where N1 .. Nn-1 are the hidden neurons vectors
* - Where Nn are the output neurons vector
* . Where M1 .. Mn are the transition weights matrice
*/

?- mknet([3,2], X).
X = [''(-1, 1, 1), ''(''(1, 1, -1), ''(1, 1, -1)), ''(-1, 1)].

The model evaluation at a data point
is straight forward:

eval([V], [V]) :- !.
eval([V,M,_|L], [V,M|R]) :- !,
matmul(M, V, H),
vecact(H, expit, J),
eval([J|L], R).

The backward calculation of deltas
is straight forward:

back([V], U, [D]) :- !,
vecact(U, V, sub, E),
vecact(E, V, mulderiv, D).
back([V,M,W|L], U, [D2,M,D|R]) :-
back([W|L], U, [D|R]),
mattran(M, M2),
matmul(M2, D, E),
vecact(E, V, mulderiv, D2).

You can use this to compute weight changes
and drive a gradient algorithm.

Mild Shock schrieb:

new Prolog system. I thought my new Prolog system
has only monomorphic caches , I will never be able to

replicate what I did for my old Prolog system with
arity polymorphic caches. This changed when I had
the idea to dynamically add a cache for the duration

of a higher order loop such as maplist/n, foldl/n etc…

So this is the new implementation of maplist/3:

% maplist(+Closure, +List, -List)
maplist(C, L, R) :-
   sys_callable_cacheable(C, D),
   sys_maplist(L, D, R).

% sys_maplist(+List, +Closure, -List)
sys_maplist([], _, []).
sys_maplist([X|L], C, [Y|R]) :-
   call(C, X, Y),
   sys_maplist(L, C, R).

Its similar as the SWI-Prolog implementation in that
it reorders the arguments for better first argument
indexing. But the new thing is sys_callable_cacheable/1,

which prepares the closure to be more efficiently
called. The invocation of the closure is already
quite fast since call/3 is implemented natively,

but the cache adds an itch more speed. Here some
measurements that I did:

/* SWI-Prolog 9.3.20 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
   maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% 2,003,000 inferences, 0.078 CPU in 0.094 seconds

/* Scryer Prolog 0.9.4-350 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
   maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
    % CPU time: 0.318s, 3_007_105 inferences

/* Dogelog Player 1.3.1 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
   maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% Zeit 342 ms, GC 0 ms, Lips 11713646, Uhr 10.03.2025 09:18

/* realla Prolog 2.64.6-2 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
    maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% Time elapsed 1.694s, 15004003 Inferences, 8.855 MLips

Not surprisingly SWI-Prolog is fastest. What was
a little surprise is that Scryer Prolog can do it quite
fast, possibly since they heavily use maplist/n all

over the place, they came up with things like '$fast_call'
etc.. in their call/n implementation. Trealla Prolog is
a little bit disappointing at the moment.

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)

new Prolog system. I thought my new Prolog system
has only monomorphic caches , I will never be able to

replicate what I did for my old Prolog system with
arity polymorphic caches. This changed when I had
the idea to dynamically add a cache for the duration

of a higher order loop such as maplist/n, foldl/n etc…

So this is the new implementation of maplist/3:

% maplist(+Closure, +List, -List)
maplist(C, L, R) :-
sys_callable_cacheable(C, D),
sys_maplist(L, D, R).

% sys_maplist(+List, +Closure, -List)
sys_maplist([], _, []).
sys_maplist([X|L], C, [Y|R]) :-
call(C, X, Y),
sys_maplist(L, C, R).

Its similar as the SWI-Prolog implementation in that
it reorders the arguments for better first argument
indexing. But the new thing is sys_callable_cacheable/1,

which prepares the closure to be more efficiently
called. The invocation of the closure is already
quite fast since call/3 is implemented natively,

but the cache adds an itch more speed. Here some
measurements that I did:

/* SWI-Prolog 9.3.20 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% 2,003,000 inferences, 0.078 CPU in 0.094 seconds

/* Scryer Prolog 0.9.4-350 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% CPU time: 0.318s, 3_007_105 inferences

/* Dogelog Player 1.3.1 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% Zeit 342 ms, GC 0 ms, Lips 11713646, Uhr 10.03.2025 09:18

/* realla Prolog 2.64.6-2 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% Time elapsed 1.694s, 15004003 Inferences, 8.855 MLips

Not surprisingly SWI-Prolog is fastest. What was
a little surprise is that Scryer Prolog can do it quite
fast, possibly since they heavily use maplist/n all

over the place, they came up with things like '$fast_call'
etc.. in their call/n implementation. Trealla Prolog is
a little bit disappointing at the moment.

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)

But where is Autograd, automatic derivation from
some symbolic input? In general you can objectify
neural networks which I already did with the Prolog

list, and routines such as back/3 are pure Prolog.
Basically you could symbolically derive expit
(activation), mulderiv (the product with the derivative

of the activation) and matrran (the jacobian without
activation) from a DAG of vector functions. In a linear
neural network, the jacobian without activation is

the same as the weights, and expit has a simple derivative
that is based on the expit result itself which is
already stored as the activation:

/* g(x) = logistic function */
expit(X, Y) :- Y is 1/(1+exp(-X)).

/* g'(x) = g(x)*(1-g(x)) */
mulderiv(X, Y, Z) :- Z is X*Y*(1-Y).
See also:

A Gentle Introduction to torch.autograd https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/blitz/autograd_tutorial.html

Mild Shock schrieb:

What can we do with these new toys, we
can implement vector operations and matrice
operations. An then apply it for example

to layered neural networks by
representing them as:

/**
 * Network is represented as [N0,M1,N1,...,Mn,Nn]
 * - Where N0 are the input neurons vector
 * - Where N1 .. Nn-1 are the hidden neurons vectors
 * - Where Nn are the output neurons vector
 * . Where M1 .. Mn are the transition weights matrice
 */

?- mknet([3,2], X).
X = [''(-1, 1, 1), ''(''(1, 1, -1), ''(1, 1, -1)), ''(-1, 1)].

The model evaluation at a data point
is straight forward:

eval([V], [V]) :- !.
eval([V,M,_|L], [V,M|R]) :- !,
   matmul(M, V, H),
   vecact(H, expit, J),
   eval([J|L], R).

The backward calculation of deltas
is straight forward:

back([V], U, [D]) :- !,
   vecact(U, V, sub, E),
   vecact(E, V, mulderiv, D).
back([V,M,W|L], U, [D2,M,D|R])  :-
   back([W|L], U, [D|R]),
   mattran(M, M2),
   matmul(M2, D, E),
   vecact(E, V, mulderiv, D2).

You can use this to compute weight changes
and drive a gradient algorithm.

Mild Shock schrieb:

new Prolog system. I thought my new Prolog system
has only monomorphic caches , I will never be able to

replicate what I did for my old Prolog system with
arity polymorphic caches. This changed when I had
the idea to dynamically add a cache for the duration

of a higher order loop such as maplist/n, foldl/n etc…

So this is the new implementation of maplist/3:

% maplist(+Closure, +List, -List)
maplist(C, L, R) :-
    sys_callable_cacheable(C, D),
    sys_maplist(L, D, R).

% sys_maplist(+List, +Closure, -List)
sys_maplist([], _, []).
sys_maplist([X|L], C, [Y|R]) :-
    call(C, X, Y),
    sys_maplist(L, C, R).

Its similar as the SWI-Prolog implementation in that
it reorders the arguments for better first argument
indexing. But the new thing is sys_callable_cacheable/1,

which prepares the closure to be more efficiently
called. The invocation of the closure is already
quite fast since call/3 is implemented natively,

but the cache adds an itch more speed. Here some
measurements that I did:

/* SWI-Prolog 9.3.20 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
    maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% 2,003,000 inferences, 0.078 CPU in 0.094 seconds

/* Scryer Prolog 0.9.4-350 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
    maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
     % CPU time: 0.318s, 3_007_105 inferences

/* Dogelog Player 1.3.1 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
    maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% Zeit 342 ms, GC 0 ms, Lips 11713646, Uhr 10.03.2025 09:18

/* realla Prolog 2.64.6-2 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
     maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% Time elapsed 1.694s, 15004003 Inferences, 8.855 MLips

Not surprisingly SWI-Prolog is fastest. What was
a little surprise is that Scryer Prolog can do it quite
fast, possibly since they heavily use maplist/n all

over the place, they came up with things like '$fast_call'
etc.. in their call/n implementation. Trealla Prolog is
a little bit disappointing at the moment.

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)

A storm of symbolic differentiation libraries
was posted. But what can these Prolog code
fossils do?

Does one of these libraries support Python symbolic
Pieceweise ? For example one can define rectified
linear unit (ReLU) with it:

/ x x >= 0
ReLU(x) := <
\ 0 otherwise

With the above one can already translate a
propositional logic program, that uses negation
as failure, into a neural network:

NOT \+ p 1 - x
AND p1, ..., pn ReLU(x1 + ... + xn - (n-1))
OR p1; ...; pn 1 - ReLU(-x1 - .. - xn + 1)

For clauses just use Clark Completion, it makes
the defined predicate a new neuron, dependent on
other predicate neurons,

through a network of intermediate neurons. Because
of the constant shift in AND and OR, the neurons
will have a bias b.

So rule based in zero order logic is a subset
of neural network.

Python symbolic Pieceweise https://how-to-data.org/how-to-write-a-piecewise-defined-function-in-python-using-sympy/

rectified linear unit (ReLU) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)

Clark Completion
https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~vl/teaching/lbai/completion.pdf

Mild Shock schrieb:

But where is Autograd, automatic derivation from
some symbolic input? In general you can objectify
neural networks which I already did with the Prolog

list, and routines such as back/3 are pure Prolog.
Basically you could symbolically derive expit
(activation), mulderiv (the product with the derivative

of the activation) and matrran (the jacobian without
activation) from a DAG of vector functions. In a linear
neural network, the jacobian without activation is

the same as the weights, and expit has a simple derivative
that is based on the expit result itself which is
already stored as the activation:

/* g(x) = logistic function */
expit(X, Y) :- Y is 1/(1+exp(-X)).

/* g'(x) = g(x)*(1-g(x)) */
mulderiv(X, Y, Z) :- Z is X*Y*(1-Y).
See also:

A Gentle Introduction to torch.autograd https://pytorch.org/tutorials/beginner/blitz/autograd_tutorial.html

Mild Shock schrieb:

What can we do with these new toys, we
can implement vector operations and matrice
operations. An then apply it for example

to layered neural networks by
representing them as:

/**
  * Network is represented as [N0,M1,N1,...,Mn,Nn]
  * - Where N0 are the input neurons vector
  * - Where N1 .. Nn-1 are the hidden neurons vectors
  * - Where Nn are the output neurons vector
  * . Where M1 .. Mn are the transition weights matrice
  */

?- mknet([3,2], X).
X = [''(-1, 1, 1), ''(''(1, 1, -1), ''(1, 1, -1)), ''(-1, 1)].

The model evaluation at a data point
is straight forward:

eval([V], [V]) :- !.
eval([V,M,_|L], [V,M|R]) :- !,
    matmul(M, V, H),
    vecact(H, expit, J),
    eval([J|L], R).

The backward calculation of deltas
is straight forward:

back([V], U, [D]) :- !,
    vecact(U, V, sub, E),
    vecact(E, V, mulderiv, D).
back([V,M,W|L], U, [D2,M,D|R])  :-
    back([W|L], U, [D|R]),
    mattran(M, M2),
    matmul(M2, D, E),
    vecact(E, V, mulderiv, D2).

You can use this to compute weight changes
and drive a gradient algorithm.

Mild Shock schrieb:

new Prolog system. I thought my new Prolog system
has only monomorphic caches , I will never be able to

replicate what I did for my old Prolog system with
arity polymorphic caches. This changed when I had
the idea to dynamically add a cache for the duration

of a higher order loop such as maplist/n, foldl/n etc…

So this is the new implementation of maplist/3:

% maplist(+Closure, +List, -List)
maplist(C, L, R) :-
    sys_callable_cacheable(C, D),
    sys_maplist(L, D, R).

% sys_maplist(+List, +Closure, -List)
sys_maplist([], _, []).
sys_maplist([X|L], C, [Y|R]) :-
    call(C, X, Y),
    sys_maplist(L, C, R).

Its similar as the SWI-Prolog implementation in that
it reorders the arguments for better first argument
indexing. But the new thing is sys_callable_cacheable/1,

which prepares the closure to be more efficiently
called. The invocation of the closure is already
quite fast since call/3 is implemented natively,

but the cache adds an itch more speed. Here some
measurements that I did:

/* SWI-Prolog 9.3.20 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
    maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% 2,003,000 inferences, 0.078 CPU in 0.094 seconds

/* Scryer Prolog 0.9.4-350 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
    maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
     % CPU time: 0.318s, 3_007_105 inferences

/* Dogelog Player 1.3.1 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
    maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% Zeit 342 ms, GC 0 ms, Lips 11713646, Uhr 10.03.2025 09:18

/* realla Prolog 2.64.6-2 */
?- findall(X,between(1,1000,X),L), time((between(1,1000,_),
     maplist(succ,L,_),fail; true)), fail.
% Time elapsed 1.694s, 15004003 Inferences, 8.855 MLips

Not surprisingly SWI-Prolog is fastest. What was
a little surprise is that Scryer Prolog can do it quite
fast, possibly since they heavily use maplist/n all

over the place, they came up with things like '$fast_call'
etc.. in their call/n implementation. Trealla Prolog is
a little bit disappointing at the moment.

--- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
* Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)