• Re: EE Majors

    From Joe Gwinn@21:1/5 to All on Wed Jul 30 16:34:06 2025
    On Wed, 30 Jul 2025 12:54:18 -0700, john larkin <[email protected]>
    wrote:

    I was talking to my interns, who are mostly still EE undergrads.

    They say that most students are CE/EE majors and estimate that 95% are >software oriented, people who type and don't solder.

    So electronic design may be an increasingly rare and valuable skill.

    Good.

    In the old days, many EEs were Hams, and built stuff from scrounged
    analog junk, which could be taken apart and understood. Many took
    hardware things apart, same story, though many were distracted into
    ME. I floated between both fields, but somehow ended up in EE (but
    never was a Ham).

    Now days, if you want to play with hardware, ya gotta program.

    Joe

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  • From Don Y@21:1/5 to All on Wed Jul 30 14:00:20 2025
    Now days, if you want to play with hardware, ya gotta program.

    That will continue to be the trend for at least another generation.
    Most hardware designs are boring and a waste of an engineer's time.

    Look at how many folks resort to buying some "module" and growing
    a system around it. Surely, one could put a processor, memory,
    PMIC and clock on a board -- there's no magic, there (especially
    as o one thinks to question whether D0 on a device should connect
    to D0 -- and not D3 -- on some other device.

    The argument is usually economic. Yet, you're still stuck designing a
    daughter card (or mother, depending on how you look at the module's
    role in your system).

    But, what cinches it is the many thousand page data sheet that
    one would have to understand and commit to practice! Much easier
    to just buy someone else's set of bugs than create your own!

    This is also how younger people are approaching design problems -- taking
    some existing product and "hacking" it to achieve some other goal
    (which is likely very similar to N other goals that have been met
    previously with other devices). *So* much easier to tweek something
    than to create from scratch!

    With AIs already designing chips, it's not long before one sees a
    commercial AI developed and "rented" (software as a service) to
    firms in lieu of hiring costly (and buggy) human counterparts
    to design and layout boards to any given set of design criteria
    (likely also including targeted reliability and/or warranty costs,
    in which most engineers are sorely lacking).

    One of the problems with AI solutions is they can be replicated for
    very little cost (whatever the market will bear). So, once your
    competitor's products improve in quality and time to market
    by adopting those tools, you'll be forced to do so, also. Then,
    an entire industry collapses.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Ralph Mowery@21:1/5 to All on Wed Jul 30 18:00:29 2025
    In article <[email protected]>,
    [email protected] says...

    In the old days, many EEs were Hams, and built stuff from scrounged
    analog junk, which could be taken apart and understood. Many took
    hardware things apart, same story, though many were distracted into
    ME. I floated between both fields, but somehow ended up in EE (but
    never was a Ham).

    Now days, if you want to play with hardware, ya gotta program.




    Being a ham I can see why. Not too long ago radios were made of tuned
    circuits and a few other components. You mechanically adjusted the
    tuned circuits. Today they are mainly just computer chips and the
    software does all the work. Just look at the dongle that plugs into a
    USB port and you get the TV stations on the compuer screen.

    I have a receiver box that is about 4 inches square and an inch or two
    thick. It will tune in from just above the audio range to two gigaHZ.
    While I can not follow it , it will let me set up 4 or 5 screens on the computer and have that many different stations all going at the same
    time. Most everything is done in the sofware.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Phil Hobbs@21:1/5 to Ralph Mowery on Wed Jul 30 22:11:47 2025
    Ralph Mowery <[email protected]> wrote:
    In article <[email protected]>,
    [email protected] says...

    In the old days, many EEs were Hams, and built stuff from scrounged
    analog junk, which could be taken apart and understood. Many took
    hardware things apart, same story, though many were distracted into
    ME. I floated between both fields, but somehow ended up in EE (but
    never was a Ham).

    Now days, if you want to play with hardware, ya gotta program.




    Being a ham I can see why. Not too long ago radios were made of tuned circuits and a few other components. You mechanically adjusted the
    tuned circuits. Today they are mainly just computer chips and the
    software does all the work. Just look at the dongle that plugs into a
    USB port and you get the TV stations on the compuer screen.

    I have a receiver box that is about 4 inches square and an inch or two
    thick. It will tune in from just above the audio range to two gigaHZ.
    While I can not follow it , it will let me set up 4 or 5 screens on the computer and have that many different stations all going at the same
    time. Most everything is done in the sofware.


    The two places I know about that turn out actual circuit designers are the University of Colorado in Boulder and Montana State in Bozeman.

    Anybody who has been an EE or physics student at either place is worth a
    look.

    Cheers

    Phil Hobbs

    --
    Dr Philip C D Hobbs Principal Consultant ElectroOptical Innovations LLC / Hobbs ElectroOptics Optics, Electro-optics, Photonics, Analog Electronics

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  • From john larkin@21:1/5 to [email protected] on Wed Jul 30 15:16:15 2025
    On Wed, 30 Jul 2025 14:00:20 -0700, Don Y
    <[email protected]d> wrote:

    Now days, if you want to play with hardware, ya gotta program.

    Why? There are lots of resistors and fets and lasers and things
    around.


    That will continue to be the trend for at least another generation.
    Most hardware designs are boring and a waste of an engineer's time.

    Unless you do cool analog stuff.

    Code doesn't connect directly to motors or servo valves or jet
    engines. The world is still analog. I think it's fun to see and work
    with machines and buildings and gigantic lasers and blow things up.

    There seems to be a Real Men movement lately, namely guys who want to
    do physical stuff, like build things and fix things and get away from
    sitting in front of keyboards and screens. They skip the sociology
    degrees and go to community colleges or trade schools or just
    apprentice.

    Of course nowadays women can fly planes or finish drywall or design
    electronics too. But some boys want to be boys.


    Look at how many folks resort to buying some "module" and growing
    a system around it. Surely, one could put a processor, memory,
    PMIC and clock on a board -- there's no magic, there (especially
    as o one thinks to question whether D0 on a device should connect
    to D0 -- and not D3 -- on some other device.

    The argument is usually economic. Yet, you're still stuck designing a >daughter card (or mother, depending on how you look at the module's
    role in your system).

    But, what cinches it is the many thousand page data sheet that
    one would have to understand and commit to practice! Much easier
    to just buy someone else's set of bugs than create your own!

    This is also how younger people are approaching design problems -- taking >some existing product and "hacking" it to achieve some other goal
    (which is likely very similar to N other goals that have been met
    previously with other devices). *So* much easier to tweek something
    than to create from scratch!

    With AIs already designing chips, it's not long before one sees a
    commercial AI developed and "rented" (software as a service) to
    firms in lieu of hiring costly (and buggy) human counterparts
    to design and layout boards to any given set of design criteria
    (likely also including targeted reliability and/or warranty costs,
    in which most engineers are sorely lacking).

    One of the problems with AI solutions is they can be replicated for
    very little cost (whatever the market will bear). So, once your
    competitor's products improve in quality and time to market
    by adopting those tools, you'll be forced to do so, also. Then,
    an entire industry collapses.

    You are still talking digital. Sure, if you need a compute module, buy
    a Raspberry Pi for $9. But it won't modulate a megajoule laser or
    drive a 5000 PSI servo valve.

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  • From Klaus Kragelund@21:1/5 to john larkin on Thu Jul 31 02:47:48 2025
    On 30-07-2025 21:54, john larkin wrote:
    I was talking to my interns, who are mostly still EE undergrads.

    They say that most students are CE/EE majors and estimate that 95% are software oriented, people who type and don't solder.

    So electronic design may be an increasingly rare and valuable skill.

    Good.

    Yes, and even better if you want to start a business selling modules. I
    am going down that path right now.

    First will be board mounted power supplies, offline and POL converters

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From john larkin@21:1/5 to pcdhSpamMeSenseless@electrooptical. on Wed Jul 30 17:53:27 2025
    On Wed, 30 Jul 2025 22:11:47 -0000 (UTC), Phil Hobbs <[email protected]> wrote:

    Ralph Mowery <[email protected]> wrote:
    In article <[email protected]>,
    [email protected] says...

    In the old days, many EEs were Hams, and built stuff from scrounged
    analog junk, which could be taken apart and understood. Many took
    hardware things apart, same story, though many were distracted into
    ME. I floated between both fields, but somehow ended up in EE (but
    never was a Ham).

    Now days, if you want to play with hardware, ya gotta program.




    Being a ham I can see why. Not too long ago radios were made of tuned
    circuits and a few other components. You mechanically adjusted the
    tuned circuits. Today they are mainly just computer chips and the
    software does all the work. Just look at the dongle that plugs into a
    USB port and you get the TV stations on the compuer screen.

    I have a receiver box that is about 4 inches square and an inch or two
    thick. It will tune in from just above the audio range to two gigaHZ.
    While I can not follow it , it will let me set up 4 or 5 screens on the
    computer and have that many different stations all going at the same
    time. Most everything is done in the sofware.


    The two places I know about that turn out actual circuit designers are the >University of Colorado in Boulder and Montana State in Bozeman.

    Anybody who has been an EE or physics student at either place is worth a >look.

    Cheers

    Phil Hobbs

    There are a few good ones at UC Santa Cruz too.

    Not UC Berkeley, apparently.

    I've heard good things about Rice too.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From john larkin@21:1/5 to [email protected] on Wed Jul 30 18:35:11 2025
    On Thu, 31 Jul 2025 02:47:48 +0200, Klaus Kragelund
    <[email protected]> wrote:

    On 30-07-2025 21:54, john larkin wrote:
    I was talking to my interns, who are mostly still EE undergrads.

    They say that most students are CE/EE majors and estimate that 95% are
    software oriented, people who type and don't solder.

    So electronic design may be an increasingly rare and valuable skill.

    Good.

    Yes, and even better if you want to start a business selling modules. I
    am going down that path right now.

    First will be board mounted power supplies, offline and POL converters

    Post a link when they are available.

    We're considering a line of little RF modules, switches and
    attenuators and such. We're doing a little market research to see if
    anyone is interested.

    https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/przvhs9twdz3x3qgv7az4/B_RF_2.jpg?rlkey=q0fgopczxw84vtivoc07x7uso&raw=1

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Don Y@21:1/5 to BillGill on Thu Jul 31 07:51:14 2025
    On 7/31/2025 6:30 AM, BillGill wrote:
    On 7/30/2025 4:00 PM, Don Y wrote:
    Now days, if you want to play with hardware, ya gotta program.

    That will continue to be the trend for at least another generation.
    Most hardware designs are boring and a waste of an engineer's time.

    Look at how many folks resort to buying some "module" and growing
    a system around it.  Surely, one could put a processor, memory,
    PMIC and clock on a board -- there's no magic, there (especially
    as o one thinks to question whether D0 on a device should connect
    to D0 -- and not D3 -- on some other device.

    The argument is usually economic.  Yet, you're still stuck designing a
    daughter card (or mother, depending on how you look at the module's
    role in your system).

    But, what cinches it is the many thousand page data sheet that
    one would have to understand and commit to practice!  Much easier
    to just buy someone else's set of bugs than create your own!

    This is also how younger people are approaching design problems -- taking
    some existing product and "hacking" it to achieve some other goal
    (which is likely very similar to N other goals that have been met
    previously with other devices).  *So* much easier to tweek something
    than to create from scratch!

    I don't know if you have ever been to a Maker Faire, but most of what
    you will see there in the electronics area will be standard stuff
    with software controls.

    It makes a certain amount of sense /for hobbyists/ to build on predesigned/fabricated modules; they want to get to a result that
    *appears* to work with very little effort. They're not trying to design *products* that actually DO have to work -- in all circumstances.

    But, this leads to a perverse design approach; instead of deciding what the goal is and then working towards that, they look at what the "module(s)"
    make available to them and then find uses for those facilities. They
    fail to see the false economy that this brings to their designs -- they've baked in additional complexity that the design didn't really require.

    Because there is no way to elide it!

    Additional complexity likely means a buggier, more brittle product:

    "We can use the file system to support different groups of settings
    to allow the device to be quickly reconfigured for a different application"

    "We can redirect results to a file and export them on a SMB share"

    "We can build a web page hosted by the inbuilt HTTPd to allow configuration settings to be graphically manipulated -- isn't that cool?"

    "We can support L10N/I18N (once we find someone who understands swahili)"

    "We can include a calculator -- with support for HEX/OCT/DEC/ENG"

    "We can display the current time of day (in any timezone!)"

    "We can graph the results (with any scale)"

    "We can..."

    And, of course, they likely have *NO* understanding of all the mechanisms
    that make these things possible; they didn't author any of them so don't understand how they can fail or how to repair them when they do.

    "My can opener also toasts bread!" <rolls eyes>

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From john larkin@21:1/5 to [email protected] on Thu Jul 31 09:50:03 2025
    On Thu, 31 Jul 2025 07:51:14 -0700, Don Y
    <[email protected]d> wrote:

    On 7/31/2025 6:30 AM, BillGill wrote:
    On 7/30/2025 4:00 PM, Don Y wrote:
    Now days, if you want to play with hardware, ya gotta program.

    That will continue to be the trend for at least another generation.
    Most hardware designs are boring and a waste of an engineer's time.

    Look at how many folks resort to buying some "module" and growing
    a system around it.� Surely, one could put a processor, memory,
    PMIC and clock on a board -- there's no magic, there (especially
    as o one thinks to question whether D0 on a device should connect
    to D0 -- and not D3 -- on some other device.

    The argument is usually economic.� Yet, you're still stuck designing a
    daughter card (or mother, depending on how you look at the module's
    role in your system).

    But, what cinches it is the many thousand page data sheet that
    one would have to understand and commit to practice!� Much easier
    to just buy someone else's set of bugs than create your own!

    This is also how younger people are approaching design problems -- taking >>> some existing product and "hacking" it to achieve some other goal
    (which is likely very similar to N other goals that have been met
    previously with other devices).� *So* much easier to tweek something
    than to create from scratch!

    I don't know if you have ever been to a Maker Faire, but most of what
    you will see there in the electronics area will be standard stuff
    with software controls.

    It makes a certain amount of sense /for hobbyists/ to build on >predesigned/fabricated modules; they want to get to a result that
    *appears* to work with very little effort. They're not trying to design >*products* that actually DO have to work -- in all circumstances.

    But, this leads to a perverse design approach; instead of deciding what the >goal is and then working towards that, they look at what the "module(s)"
    make available to them and then find uses for those facilities. They
    fail to see the false economy that this brings to their designs -- they've >baked in additional complexity that the design didn't really require.

    Because there is no way to elide it!

    Additional complexity likely means a buggier, more brittle product:

    "We can use the file system to support different groups of settings
    to allow the device to be quickly reconfigured for a different application"

    "We can redirect results to a file and export them on a SMB share"

    "We can build a web page hosted by the inbuilt HTTPd to allow configuration >settings to be graphically manipulated -- isn't that cool?"

    "We can support L10N/I18N (once we find someone who understands swahili)"

    "We can include a calculator -- with support for HEX/OCT/DEC/ENG"

    "We can display the current time of day (in any timezone!)"

    "We can graph the results (with any scale)"

    "We can..."

    And, of course, they likely have *NO* understanding of all the mechanisms >that make these things possible; they didn't author any of them so don't >understand how they can fail or how to repair them when they do.

    "My can opener also toasts bread!" <rolls eyes>

    Why not use Rust under Linux to blink an LED?

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Joe Gwinn@21:1/5 to All on Thu Jul 31 15:43:26 2025
    On Wed, 30 Jul 2025 17:53:27 -0700, john larkin <[email protected]>
    wrote:

    On Wed, 30 Jul 2025 22:11:47 -0000 (UTC), Phil Hobbs ><[email protected]> wrote:

    Ralph Mowery <[email protected]> wrote:
    In article <[email protected]>,
    [email protected] says...

    In the old days, many EEs were Hams, and built stuff from scrounged
    analog junk, which could be taken apart and understood. Many took
    hardware things apart, same story, though many were distracted into
    ME. I floated between both fields, but somehow ended up in EE (but
    never was a Ham).

    Now days, if you want to play with hardware, ya gotta program.




    Being a ham I can see why. Not too long ago radios were made of tuned
    circuits and a few other components. You mechanically adjusted the
    tuned circuits. Today they are mainly just computer chips and the
    software does all the work. Just look at the dongle that plugs into a
    USB port and you get the TV stations on the compuer screen.

    I have a receiver box that is about 4 inches square and an inch or two
    thick. It will tune in from just above the audio range to two gigaHZ.
    While I can not follow it , it will let me set up 4 or 5 screens on the
    computer and have that many different stations all going at the same
    time. Most everything is done in the sofware.


    The two places I know about that turn out actual circuit designers are the >>University of Colorado in Boulder and Montana State in Bozeman.

    Anybody who has been an EE or physics student at either place is worth a >>look.

    Cheers

    Phil Hobbs

    There are a few good ones at UC Santa Cruz too.

    Not UC Berkeley, apparently.

    I've heard good things about Rice too.

    Large modern radars contain basically everything. Starting with the
    sky and moving down the chain, we first encounter a bunch of analog RF components with transmission lines (stripline or the like, hardly ever
    a coax or twisted pair unless bypassing an error) and very small SMD components, all enclosed in a metal box or compartment feeding
    (through a wall) a bunch of ADCs feeding (through another wall in an electrical semi-serial format like JESD204) some ASICs or FPGAs
    (where the initial firmware lives and works) and does things like FIR
    Comb Filters at hardware speed. The result is packaged up into many
    parallel packet streams converging on the Signal Processor (a very
    large massively parallel computer platform which computes all the
    radar beams and resulting candidate target detections, and so on.

    No interpreted language is remotely fast enough, or reliable under
    pounding. But they are widely used in the integration lab.

    The exact boundaries between these domains vary with technology and
    radar operational band. Higher operating frequency requires more
    analog RF hardware, and lower frequencies can be done mostly in the
    FPGA, and so on.

    Joe

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  • From Buzz McCool@21:1/5 to Joe Gwinn on Fri Aug 1 07:48:05 2025
    On 7/31/2025 12:43 PM, Joe Gwinn wrote:
    ... No interpreted language is remotely fast enough, or reliable under pounding. ...

    Forth?

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Don Y@21:1/5 to Buzz McCool on Fri Aug 1 08:05:31 2025
    On 8/1/2025 7:48 AM, Buzz McCool wrote:
    On 7/31/2025 12:43 PM, Joe Gwinn wrote:
    ... No interpreted language is remotely fast enough, or reliable under
    pounding. ...

    Forth?

    Forth isn't (strictly speaking) interpreted. It's just a simple stack machine sort of like using RPN on a calculator.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
    * Origin: fsxNet Usenet Gateway (21:1/5)
  • From Theo@21:1/5 to john larkin on Fri Aug 1 22:25:17 2025
    john larkin <[email protected]> wrote:
    I was talking to my interns, who are mostly still EE undergrads.

    They say that most students are CE/EE majors and estimate that 95% are software oriented, people who type and don't solder.

    So electronic design may be an increasingly rare and valuable skill.

    Good.

    They're probably all in China nowadays. If you're doing things like SMPSU design the Chinese are shifting vastly more volume of product than any
    western country. They're also a lot cheaper to employ than the west. The silicon is increasingly all Chinese designed too. Probably second is
    Taiwan, which is where a lot of the high end ODMs are.

    (Not to say that some of this isn't western-designed, Chinese-manufactured,
    but there's a lot of it that's Chinese ODM, Chinese OEM, Chinese consumer
    and never touches the west at all)

    Theo

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  • From Joe Gwinn@21:1/5 to All on Sat Aug 2 13:32:00 2025
    On Fri, 1 Aug 2025 08:05:31 -0700, Don Y <[email protected]d>
    wrote:

    On 8/1/2025 7:48 AM, Buzz McCool wrote:
    On 7/31/2025 12:43 PM, Joe Gwinn wrote:
    ... No interpreted language is remotely fast enough, or reliable under
    pounding. ...

    Forth?

    Forth isn't (strictly speaking) interpreted. It's just a simple stack machine >sort of like using RPN on a calculator.

    Exactly. While Forth is in fact interpreted, running on a list of RPN
    commands to the hardware controller. Forth was created by an
    astronomer as a better way to control pointing and tracking of very
    large optical telescopes.

    War story: I was very interested when Forth came out in the 1970s,
    and dug into it very deeply for possible use in realtime systems.
    Forth Inc was very secretive, and would not say anything useful about
    how it worked. Eventually, I asked for the contact details of ten
    happy customers, and called them. Turned out that half were happy and
    half were not. The half that were happy had all cracked the kernel,
    and knew how it worked.

    One sent me a paper copy of an octal dump of the kernel, which I hand disassembled. If I recall, the listing was something like 20 pages.
    It sounds impossible, but it's no harder to read machine code than the
    assembly code that generated it. After a short while, you just know
    that 37 octal is ADD, and so on.

    I pulled it all together by writing my own version, which I called
    Fifth. It took about a month, but I was in the field working on a
    customers simulator, and had lots of dead time to fill. It was so
    quiet I could visualize vastly complex things and hold them for hours.
    Never again. Don't recall just how big Fifth was, but it was about
    the same size as Forth, a few thousand lines.

    Anyway, once I knew how it worked, I could see that it would be
    impossibly awkward to use to implement a full-up simulator (100,000
    lines of 32-bit assembly code).

    Joe

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Don Y@21:1/5 to Joe Gwinn on Sat Aug 2 12:06:37 2025
    On 8/2/2025 10:32 AM, Joe Gwinn wrote:
    On Fri, 1 Aug 2025 08:05:31 -0700, Don Y <[email protected]d>
    wrote:

    On 8/1/2025 7:48 AM, Buzz McCool wrote:
    On 7/31/2025 12:43 PM, Joe Gwinn wrote:
    ... No interpreted language is remotely fast enough, or reliable under >>>> pounding. ...

    Forth?

    Forth isn't (strictly speaking) interpreted. It's just a simple stack machine
    sort of like using RPN on a calculator.

    Exactly. While Forth is in fact interpreted, running on a list of RPN commands to the hardware controller. Forth was created by an
    astronomer as a better way to control pointing and tracking of very
    large optical telescopes.

    Forth is only interpreted when you are using the command line interface (because the user can't be expected to provide addresses of "words"
    to be executed).

    It is similar to running p-code or any tokenized language -- except the
    tokens need not be stored; they can be replaced by bindings to the actual
    word definitions as they exist in (this) memory (instance).

    War story: I was very interested when Forth came out in the 1970s,
    and dug into it very deeply for possible use in realtime systems.

    My thesis adviser tried to foist it on me. I found it offered very
    little beyond "dressing up" assembly language and imposing a discipline
    on how it should be used.

    "Gee, where do my ISRs come into the picture? And, all these other threads?"

    Forth Inc was very secretive, and would not say anything useful about
    how it worked. Eventually, I asked for the contact details of ten
    happy customers, and called them. Turned out that half were happy and
    half were not. The half that were happy had all cracked the kernel,
    and knew how it worked.

    One sent me a paper copy of an octal dump of the kernel, which I hand disassembled. If I recall, the listing was something like 20 pages.
    It sounds impossible, but it's no harder to read machine code than the assembly code that generated it. After a short while, you just know
    that 37 octal is ADD, and so on.

    I used to be able to hand-disassemble Z80 code at about a KB per hour.
    As you said, you start to remember opcodes. And, people tend to
    rely on idioms that are readily visible in the object code. They
    tend to do things the same way so you only have to remember the
    things they *do* use (e.g., the number of times I've encountered a
    0xE0 -- RET PE -- can be counted on one finger -- with one to spare!)

    Machine generated code tends to be even easier to sus (esp for older toolchains). One can *decompile* such code beyond just disassembling.

    I pulled it all together by writing my own version, which I called
    Fifth. It took about a month, but I was in the field working on a
    customers simulator, and had lots of dead time to fill. It was so
    quiet I could visualize vastly complex things and hold them for hours.
    Never again. Don't recall just how big Fifth was, but it was about
    the same size as Forth, a few thousand lines.

    It's value was it's simplicity. A simple S-machine. You can explain
    RPN to someone much easier than trying to explain the rules of
    precedence and binding that apply to infix notation. The downside is
    that they may find it more cumbersome to relate to, esp when accustomed
    to other forms of presentation.

    But, if you treat code as "write once, read never", it's efficiency
    stands out (OpenBoot relies on it as it gives the user a lot of bang for very little buck -- you don't want a bloated pre-boot environment yet don't
    want to be constrained to just a few canned options)

    Anyway, once I knew how it worked, I could see that it would be
    impossibly awkward to use to implement a full-up simulator (100,000
    lines of 32-bit assembly code).

    One of the boons of modern languages and hardware is that simulators are
    now considerably easier to write and validate. Witness MAME, DPS8M, etc.
    The performance increases afforded by the hardware make even cycle accurate simulations possible instead of just functional simulation.

    This is actually remarkable given the short time frame involved (less
    than a "career"). And, lends extra credibility to avoiding premature optimization, especially for big things (tomorrow's hardware will
    be that much faster than the speedups you can implement in that timeframe!)

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