• Jury in Daniel Penny Case hangs on top charge but exonerates on lesser

    From Rick@21:1/5 to All on Mon Dec 9 13:46:28 2024
    There's something here that does not make sense to me. The jury
    deadlocked on the top charge, which was second degree manslaughter,
    which you would think means that one or more jurors thought he was
    guilty on this charge. But then the judge dismissed this charge and the
    jury subsequently found him not guilty of the lesser charge, which was criminally negligent homicide. That means the one or more jurors who
    thought he was guilty on the top charge thought he was not guilty of the
    lesser charge. I guess I don't understand that since the two charges
    were for the same act.

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  • From John Levine@21:1/5 to All on Mon Dec 9 21:24:39 2024
    According to Rick <[email protected]>:
    There's something here that does not make sense to me. The jury
    deadlocked on the top charge, which was second degree manslaughter,
    which you would think means that one or more jurors thought he was
    guilty on this charge. But then the judge dismissed this charge and the
    jury subsequently found him not guilty of the lesser charge, which was >criminally negligent homicide. ...

    They're slightly different. Second degree manslaughter is "ehen he recklessly causes the death of another person" while criminally negligent homicide is "when, with criminal negligence, he causes the death of another person."

    The latter is defined as:

    "A person acts with criminal negligence with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he fails to perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur or that such circumstance exists"

    Being reckless and being negligent are similar but they're not the same,
    and the jury had to decide both. Apparently the answer was maybe for
    reckless and no for negligent.

    --
    Regards,
    John Levine, [email protected], Primary Perpetrator of "The Internet for Dummies",
    Please consider the environment before reading this e-mail. https://jl.ly

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  • From Roy@21:1/5 to Rick on Mon Dec 9 21:26:49 2024
    On 12/9/2024 1:46 PM, Rick wrote:
    There's something here that does not make sense to me.  The jury
    deadlocked on the top charge, which was second degree manslaughter,
    which you would think means that one or more jurors thought he was
    guilty on this charge.  But then the judge dismissed this charge and the jury subsequently found him not guilty of the lesser charge, which was criminally negligent homicide.  That means the one or more jurors who thought he was guilty on the top charge thought he was not guilty of the lesser charge.  I guess I don't understand that since the two charges
    were for the same act.


    News update. He was found innocent of the second charge Monday morning

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  • From Rick@21:1/5 to Roy on Tue Dec 10 07:20:01 2024
    On 12/10/2024 12:26 AM, Roy wrote:
    On 12/9/2024 1:46 PM, Rick wrote:
    There's something here that does not make sense to me.  The jury
    deadlocked on the top charge, which was second degree manslaughter,
    which you would think means that one or more jurors thought he was
    guilty on this charge.  But then the judge dismissed this charge and
    the jury subsequently found him not guilty of the lesser charge, which
    was criminally negligent homicide.  That means the one or more jurors
    who thought he was guilty on the top charge thought he was not guilty
    of the lesser charge.  I guess I don't understand that since the two
    charges were for the same act.


    News update.  He was found innocent of the second charge Monday morning


    I know. My question is why would at least one juror think he was guilty
    of the more serious charge (implied by the deadlock) but innocent of the
    lesser charge?

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  • From Rick@21:1/5 to John Levine on Tue Dec 10 07:26:16 2024
    On 12/10/2024 12:24 AM, John Levine wrote:
    According to Rick <[email protected]>:
    There's something here that does not make sense to me. The jury
    deadlocked on the top charge, which was second degree manslaughter,
    which you would think means that one or more jurors thought he was
    guilty on this charge. But then the judge dismissed this charge and the
    jury subsequently found him not guilty of the lesser charge, which was
    criminally negligent homicide. ...

    They're slightly different. Second degree manslaughter is "ehen he recklessly causes the death of another person" while criminally negligent homicide is "when, with criminal negligence, he causes the death of another person."

    The latter is defined as:

    "A person acts with criminal negligence with respect to a result or to a circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he fails to perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will occur or that such circumstance exists"

    Being reckless and being negligent are similar but they're not the same,
    and the jury had to decide both. Apparently the answer was maybe for reckless and no for negligent.


    I know, but what it means is that at least one juror voted guilty on
    reckless but not guilty on the lesser charge of negligent. I just find
    it strange that for the same set of events, a juror can vote guilty on
    the more serious charge but then not guilty on the lesser charge.

    To me it would be equivalent to a juror voting guilty on a first degree
    murder charge but then switching their vote to not guilty when the
    charge is reduced to second degree murder.

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  • From Stuart O. Bronstein@21:1/5 to Roy on Tue Dec 10 13:42:42 2024
    Roy <[email protected]> wrote:
    Rick wrote:

    There's something here that does not make sense to me.  The jury
    deadlocked on the top charge, which was second degree manslaughter,
    which you would think means that one or more jurors thought he was
    guilty on this charge.  But then the judge dismissed this charge and
    the jury subsequently found him not guilty of the lesser charge,
    which was criminally negligent homicide.  That means the one or more
    jurors who thought he was guilty on the top charge thought he was not
    guilty of the lesser charge.  I guess I don't understand that since
    the two charges were for the same act.


    News update. He was found innocent of the second charge Monday
    morning

    Actually no. He was found not guilty, which is not quite the same thing.

    --
    Stu
    http://DownToEarthLawyer.com

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  • From Barry Gold@21:1/5 to Stuart O. Bronstein on Sat Dec 14 17:36:15 2024
    On 12/10/2024 1:42 PM, Stuart O. Bronstein wrote:
    Roy <[email protected]> wrote:
    Rick wrote:

    There's something here that does not make sense to me.  The jury
    deadlocked on the top charge, which was second degree manslaughter,
    which you would think means that one or more jurors thought he was
    guilty on this charge.  But then the judge dismissed this charge and
    the jury subsequently found him not guilty of the lesser charge,
    which was criminally negligent homicide.  That means the one or more
    jurors who thought he was guilty on the top charge thought he was not
    guilty of the lesser charge.  I guess I don't understand that since
    the two charges were for the same act.


    News update. He was found innocent of the second charge Monday
    morning

    Actually no. He was found not guilty, which is not quite the same thing.


    AFAIK those are different terms for the same thing. In some states, a
    jury that is not convinced "beyond a reasonable doubt" returns a verdict
    of "Not Guilty", while in others such a jury will return a verdict of "Innocent".

    I'm not aware of any state where the jury is allowed to return one or
    the other.

    --
    I do so have a memory. It's backed up on DVD... somewhere...

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  • From Stan Brown@21:1/5 to Barry Gold on Sun Dec 15 14:49:43 2024
    On Sat, 14 Dec 2024 17:36:15 -0800 (PST), Barry Gold wrote:
    AFAIK those are different terms for the same thing. In some states, a
    jury that is not convinced "beyond a reasonable doubt" returns a verdict
    of "Not Guilty", while in others such a jury will return a verdict of "Innocent".

    I'm skeptical. Do you know of a specific jurisdiction within the US
    where "innocent" is a possible verdict, instead of "not guilty"?

    A Google search for "states where a jury can return a verdict of
    innocent" (without quotes) followed Google's usual rule, "if I can't
    give you what you asked for I'll give you something irrelevant that
    uses one or more of the same words." But I didn't see a single result mentioning a state where "innocent" is a possible verdict, versus
    many that said the choice is "guilty" or "not guilty".

    The Google search "innocent vs. not guilty" (without quotes) was more productive, turning up reference after reference saying that the only
    two verdicts are guilty and not guilty.

    My summary of those results: "Not guilty" is a legal finding that the defendant's guilt ,if any, has not been proved beyond a reasonable
    doubt. "Innocent" is a moral judgment about the defendant's _actual_
    state, which of course can hardly ever be known with absolute
    certainty; it's not a legal term.

    Here are three representative quotes:

    --------

    (1) From <https://www.ramosdelcueto.com/blog/2021/06/the-difference- between-guilty-not-guilty-and-innocent/> (criminal lawyer's blog):

    "A jury never actually says that you are innocent. They merely decide
    if you're guilty or not guilty. ... A 'not guilty' verdict in court
    simply means that the jury could not convict based on the evidence
    before them because the evidence the prosecution presented did not
    convince them beyond a reasonable doubt of your guilt."

    --------
    (2) <https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/not-guilty- and-innocent-problem-children-reasonable-doubt> says, early in the
    abstract, "While in lay usage the term 'not guilty' is often
    synonymous with 'innocent,' in American criminal jurisprudence they
    are not the same. 'Not guilty' is a legal finding by the jury that
    the prosecution has not met its burden of proof."
    (The abstract goes on to deplore the poor quality of jury
    instructions that may lead to a jury returning a verdict of "guilty"
    even though the prosecution has not actually proved guilty beyond a
    reasonable doubt. I wish the actual article were available for
    download.)

    --------

    (3) The first three paragraphs of <https://johndrogerslaw.com/the- difference-between-not-guilty-and-innocent/>:

    "In the criminal justice system, the terms 'not guilty' and
    'innocent' are often used interchangeably, but they do not have the
    same meaning. The difference between the two is crucial to
    understanding the workings of the criminal justice system, and it is
    important to know the distinction between the two.

    "Not guilty refers to the verdict reached by a jury or a judge in a
    criminal trial. It means that the prosecution has failed to prove
    their case against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt. This is
    the standard of proof required in a criminal trial and is a very high
    standard to meet. A not-guilty verdict does not mean that the
    defendant is innocent, but rather that the prosecution has not met
    its burden of proving guilt.

    "Innocent, on the other hand, refers to the actual state of the
    defendant. It means that the defendant did not commit the crime they
    are being accused of. The problem is that the criminal justice system
    is fallible and it is possible for innocent people to be convicted.
    This is because the prosecution's burden of proof is only to prove
    guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, not to prove innocence."

    --
    Stan Brown, Tehachapi, California, USA https://BrownMath.com/
    Shikata ga nai...

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  • From Barry Gold@21:1/5 to Stan Brown on Sun Dec 15 18:44:49 2024
    On 12/15/2024 2:49 PM, Stan Brown wrote:

    On Sat, 14 Dec 2024 17:36:15 -0800 (PST), Barry Gold wrote:
    AFAIK those are different terms for the same thing. In some states, a
    jury that is not convinced "beyond a reasonable doubt" returns a verdict
    of "Not Guilty", while in others such a jury will return a verdict of
    "Innocent".
    I'm skeptical. Do you know of a specific jurisdiction within the US
    where "innocent" is a possible verdict, instead of "not guilty"?

    I agree. My searches turn up the same result. I think the idea of a
    verdict of "innocent" may have come from a TV show. TV writers are not
    required to be true to reality.


    See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_proven

    In Scotland a jury can return one of three verdicts:
    Guilty
    Not Proven
    Not Guilty

    Not guilty means that the jury doesn't think the defendant committed the
    crime. Either they are convinced of his innocence, or at least they
    think that the prosecution's evidence is too weak for even a civil trial (preponderance of evidence).

    For legal purposes, the two verdicts are equivalent. But a "Not Proven"
    verdict would tell the public that the jury thinks the defendant is
    guilty, but not beyond a reasonable doubt.

    I have occasionally toyed with the idea of bringing a variant of that to
    the US system to discourage prosecutors from bringing questionable cases.

    The two would not be equivalent: if the jury finds the defendant Not
    Guilty, the defendant would be entitled to have his legal bills paid by
    the government (preferably directly from the DA's office budget), plus
    be compensated for time spent in jail awaiting trial.

    I also think the latter should apply if a guilty verdict is later
    overturned. We should not be punishing innocent people and if it happens
    by accident the government should compensate the accused.

    OTOH, that might encourage the prosecution to withhold evidence and or
    present questionable evidence like a witness who changed his/her story
    several times during interrogation.




    --
    I do so have a memory. It's backed up on DVD... somewhere...

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  • From Jethro_uk@21:1/5 to Barry Gold on Mon Dec 16 06:00:00 2024
    On Sun, 15 Dec 2024 18:44:49 -0800, Barry Gold wrote:

    I also think the latter should apply if a guilty verdict is later
    overturned. We should not be punishing innocent people and if it happens
    by accident the government should compensate the accused.

    Now that - definitely - is not an idea you got from Britain. We hate
    exonerated criminals and charge them board and lodging for the privilege
    of being in jail.

    It was a good thing we hanged people, as rope is reusable. Otherwise we
    would doubtless have billed the family of Timothy Evans for the use
    thereof, as he was cleared post mortem.

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Barry Gold@21:1/5 to Rick on Mon Dec 16 06:05:09 2024
    On 12/10/2024 7:26 AM, Rick wrote:
    On 12/10/2024 12:24 AM, John Levine wrote:
    According to Rick  <[email protected]>:
    There's something here that does not make sense to me.  The jury
    deadlocked on the top charge, which was second degree manslaughter,
    which you would think means that one or more jurors thought he was
    guilty on this charge.  But then the judge dismissed this charge and the >>> jury subsequently found him not guilty of the lesser charge, which was
    criminally negligent homicide. ...

    They're slightly different. Second degree manslaughter is "ehen he
    recklessly
    causes the death of another person" while criminally negligent
    homicide is
    "when, with criminal negligence, he causes the death of another person."

    The latter is defined as:

    "A person acts with criminal negligence with respect to a result or to a
    circumstance described by a statute defining an offense when he fails to
    perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk that such result will
    occur or
    that such circumstance exists"

    Being reckless and being negligent are similar but they're not the same,
    and the jury had to decide both.  Apparently the answer was maybe for
    reckless and no for negligent.


    I know, but what it means is that at least one juror voted guilty on
    reckless but not guilty on the lesser charge of negligent.  I just find
    it strange that for the same set of events, a juror can vote guilty on
    the more serious charge but then not guilty on the lesser charge.

    To me it would be equivalent to a juror voting guilty on a first degree murder charge but then switching their vote to not guilty when the
    charge is reduced to second degree murder.

    The question is whether "criminally negligent homicide" is a "lesser
    included charge" of "Second degree manslaughter". THat depends on the
    precise wording of those crimes in the penal code.

    "Manslaughter in the Second Degree" is defined by Penal Law Section 125.15:

    A person is guilty of manslaughter in the second degree when:
    He recklessly causes the death of another person; or
    He intentionally causes or aids another person to commit suicide.
    Manslaughter in the second degree is a class C felony.

    Criminally Negligent Homicide is defined in Penal Law Section 125.10:

    A person is guilty of criminally negligent homicide when, with criminal negligence, he causes the death of another person. Criminally negligent homicide is a class E felony

    This looks like a "lesser included offense", so a not=guilty verdict on Negligent Homicide should have also resulted in a not-guilty verdict on
    "Second Degree Manslaughter."

    Doesn't make sense to me, but then I'm not a lawyer, much less a New
    York lawyer specializing in criminal law.

    --
    I do so have a memory. It's backed up on DVD... somewhere...

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  • From Barry Gold@21:1/5 to All on Mon Dec 16 08:29:59 2024
    On 12/16/2024 6:00 AM, Jethro_uk wrote:
    On Sun, 15 Dec 2024 18:44:49 -0800, Barry Gold wrote:

    I also think the latter should apply if a guilty verdict is later
    overturned. We should not be punishing innocent people and if it happens
    by accident the government should compensate the accused.

    Now that - definitely - is not an idea you got from Britain. We hate exonerated criminals and charge them board and lodging for the privilege
    of being in jail.

    It was a good thing we hanged people, as rope is reusable. Otherwise we
    would doubtless have billed the family of Timothy Evans for the use
    thereof, as he was cleared post mortem.


    And I thought our (USA) criminal justice system was f--ked up!

    --
    I do so have a memory. It's backed up on DVD... somewhere...

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Jethro_uk@21:1/5 to Barry Gold on Mon Dec 16 13:23:00 2024
    On Mon, 16 Dec 2024 08:29:59 -0800, Barry Gold wrote:

    On 12/16/2024 6:00 AM, Jethro_uk wrote:
    On Sun, 15 Dec 2024 18:44:49 -0800, Barry Gold wrote:

    I also think the latter should apply if a guilty verdict is later
    overturned. We should not be punishing innocent people and if it
    happens by accident the government should compensate the accused.

    Now that - definitely - is not an idea you got from Britain. We hate
    exonerated criminals and charge them board and lodging for the
    privilege of being in jail.

    It was a good thing we hanged people, as rope is reusable. Otherwise we
    would doubtless have billed the family of Timothy Evans for the use
    thereof, as he was cleared post mortem.


    And I thought our (USA) criminal justice system was f--ked up!

    Pah, mere amateurs ...

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Rick@21:1/5 to Barry Gold on Tue Dec 17 07:30:17 2024
    On 12/15/2024 9:44 PM, Barry Gold wrote:
    On 12/15/2024 2:49 PM, Stan Brown wrote:

    On Sat, 14 Dec 2024 17:36:15 -0800 (PST), Barry Gold wrote:
    AFAIK those are different terms for the same thing. In some states, a
    jury that is not convinced "beyond a reasonable doubt" returns a verdict >>> of "Not Guilty", while in others such a jury will return a verdict of
    "Innocent".
    I'm skeptical. Do you know of a specific jurisdiction within the US
    where "innocent" is a possible verdict, instead of "not guilty"?

    I agree. My searches turn up the same result. I think the idea of a
    verdict of "innocent" may have come from a TV show. TV writers are not required to be true to reality.


    See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_proven

    In Scotland a jury can return one of three verdicts:
    Guilty
    Not Proven
    Not Guilty

    Not guilty means that the jury doesn't think the defendant committed the crime. Either they are convinced of his innocence, or at least they
    think that the prosecution's evidence is too weak for even a civil trial (preponderance of evidence).

    For legal purposes, the two verdicts are equivalent. But a "Not Proven" verdict would tell the public that the jury thinks the defendant is
    guilty, but not beyond a reasonable doubt.

    I have occasionally toyed with the idea of bringing a variant of that to
    the US system to discourage prosecutors from bringing questionable cases.

    The two would not be equivalent: if the jury finds the defendant Not
    Guilty, the defendant would be entitled to have his legal bills paid by
    the government (preferably directly from the DA's office budget), plus
    be compensated for time spent in jail awaiting trial.

    I also think the latter should apply if a guilty verdict is later
    overturned. We should not be punishing innocent people and if it happens
    by accident the government should compensate the accused.

    OTOH, that might encourage the prosecution to withhold evidence and or present questionable evidence like a witness who changed his/her story several times during interrogation.





    This reminds me of how the NFL used to handle replays. If there was
    enough information to overturn an official's call, they would say
    "overturned" or "reversed". If there was insufficient info to overturn
    a call, they would say the call "stands". If there was actually
    information to confirm the call, they would say "confirmed".

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  • From Mike Anderson@21:1/5 to Stan Brown on Fri Apr 11 01:47:57 2025
    On 12/15/2024 5:49 PM, Stan Brown wrote:
    On Sat, 14 Dec 2024 17:36:15 -0800 (PST), Barry Gold wrote:
    AFAIK those are different terms for the same thing. In some states, a
    jury that is not convinced "beyond a reasonable doubt" returns a verdict
    of "Not Guilty", while in others such a jury will return a verdict of
    "Innocent".

    I'm skeptical. Do you know of a specific jurisdiction within the US
    where "innocent" is a possible verdict, instead of "not guilty"?

    A Google search for "states where a jury can return a verdict of
    innocent" (without quotes) followed Google's usual rule, "if I can't
    give you what you asked for I'll give you something irrelevant that
    uses one or more of the same words." But I didn't see a single result mentioning a state where "innocent" is a possible verdict, versus
    many that said the choice is "guilty" or "not guilty".

    The Google search "innocent vs. not guilty" (without quotes) was more productive, turning up reference after reference saying that the only
    two verdicts are guilty and not guilty.

    My summary of those results: "Not guilty" is a legal finding that the defendant's guilt ,if any, has not been proved beyond a reasonable
    doubt. "Innocent" is a moral judgment about the defendant's _actual_
    state, which of course can hardly ever be known with absolute
    certainty; it's not a legal term.

    Here are three representative quotes:

    --------

    (1) From <https://www.ramosdelcueto.com/blog/2021/06/the-difference- between-guilty-not-guilty-and-innocent/> (criminal lawyer's blog):

    "A jury never actually says that you are innocent. They merely decide
    if you're guilty or not guilty. ... A 'not guilty' verdict in court
    simply means that the jury could not convict based on the evidence
    before them because the evidence the prosecution presented did not
    convince them beyond a reasonable doubt of your guilt."

    --------
    (2) <https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/not-guilty- and-innocent-problem-children-reasonable-doubt> says, early in the
    abstract, "While in lay usage the term 'not guilty' is often
    synonymous with 'innocent,' in American criminal jurisprudence they
    are not the same. 'Not guilty' is a legal finding by the jury that
    the prosecution has not met its burden of proof."
    (The abstract goes on to deplore the poor quality of jury
    instructions that may lead to a jury returning a verdict of "guilty"
    even though the prosecution has not actually proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. I wish the actual article were available for
    download.)

    --------

    (3) The first three paragraphs of <https://johndrogerslaw.com/the- difference-between-not-guilty-and-innocent/>:

    "In the criminal justice system, the terms 'not guilty' and
    'innocent' are often used interchangeably, but they do not have the
    same meaning. The difference between the two is crucial to
    understanding the workings of the criminal justice system, and it is important to know the distinction between the two.

    "Not guilty refers to the verdict reached by a jury or a judge in a
    criminal trial. It means that the prosecution has failed to prove
    their case against the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt. This is
    the standard of proof required in a criminal trial and is a very high standard to meet. A not-guilty verdict does not mean that the
    defendant is innocent, but rather that the prosecution has not met
    its burden of proving guilt.

    "Innocent, on the other hand, refers to the actual state of the
    defendant. It means that the defendant did not commit the crime they
    are being accused of. The problem is that the criminal justice system
    is fallible and it is possible for innocent people to be convicted.
    This is because the prosecution's burden of proof is only to prove
    guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, not to prove innocence."


    The way I like to look at it is like deciding if you were at that party
    on Fri night. People could produce photos and videos showing you hitting
    the beer bong and thus showing you were there. Or maybe there's no
    photos and videos and only one person saying "I think I saw him."

    So the verdict could be "proven to be present" or "not proven to be
    present." Occasionally you might be able to prove you were at the
    library all day/evening on Friday but if you were able to do that, it'd
    never (in theory, anyways) even get to the point of trying to prove you
    were at the party.

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