• Re: Infinitesimals don't exist --- PROVEN OTHERWISE

    From Kaz Kylheku@21:1/5 to olcott on Tue Aug 26 21:36:53 2025
    On 2025-08-26, olcott <[email protected]> wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 3:47 PM, Chris M. Thomasson wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 1:30 PM, olcott wrote:
    On 8/24/2025 9:53 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    Much like infinitesimals, Olcott's refutations of the Halting Problem
    proofs don't exist.

    /Flibble


    The difference in the length of a line of these two
    line segments using interval notation is infinitesimal.

    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.


    AKA one geometric point of difference.

    I don't think that's how it works.

    Note [0, 1] and [0, 2] contain the same number of real numbers;
    and two line segments of different lengths contain the same number of points.

    --
    TXR Programming Language: http://nongnu.org/txr
    Cygnal: Cygwin Native Application Library: http://kylheku.com/cygnal
    Mastodon: @[email protected]

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  • From Kaz Kylheku@21:1/5 to olcott on Wed Aug 27 05:31:13 2025
    On 2025-08-26, olcott <[email protected]> wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 4:36 PM, Kaz Kylheku wrote:
    On 2025-08-26, olcott <[email protected]> wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 3:47 PM, Chris M. Thomasson wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 1:30 PM, olcott wrote:
    On 8/24/2025 9:53 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    Much like infinitesimals, Olcott's refutations of the Halting Problem >>>>>> proofs don't exist.

    /Flibble


    The difference in the length of a line of these two
    line segments using interval notation is infinitesimal.

    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.


    AKA one geometric point of difference.

    I don't think that's how it works.

    Note [0, 1] and [0, 2] contain the same number of real numbers;
    and two line segments of different lengths contain the same number of points.


    That ignores the difference of length of these
    two line segments: [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0)

    Yes it does.

    The length being different by an infinitesimal is a different concept
    from the wrong idea that we are taking away one geometric point or one
    real number (point on the number line).

    An infinitesimal is smaller than any real number.

    If the symbol ε represents the positive infinitesimal, then suppose
    suppose we have the range [0, ε]. That range cannot be big enough
    to contain a real number other than 0, because that would mean that
    ε is at least as big as some nonzero positive real number.

    Or something; given your track record with halting this is
    likely pointless to debate. I'm as unprepared for this as you are,
    and that likely makes one of us who will ever admit it.

    --
    TXR Programming Language: http://nongnu.org/txr
    Cygnal: Cygwin Native Application Library: http://kylheku.com/cygnal
    Mastodon: @[email protected]

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  • From Mikko@21:1/5 to olcott on Wed Aug 27 11:09:58 2025
    On 2025-08-26 20:30:51 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/24/2025 9:53 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    Much like infinitesimals, Olcott's refutations of the Halting Problem
    proofs don't exist.

    /Flibble


    The difference in the length of a line of these two
    line segments using interval notation is infinitesimal.

    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.

    No, it is not. It is a singlet. A singlet is not infinitesimal.

    --
    Mikko

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  • From Mikko@21:1/5 to olcott on Thu Aug 28 09:40:03 2025
    On 2025-08-27 15:10:18 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/27/2025 3:09 AM, Mikko wrote:
    On 2025-08-26 20:30:51 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/24/2025 9:53 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    Much like infinitesimals, Olcott's refutations of the Halting Problem
    proofs don't exist.

    /Flibble


    The difference in the length of a line of these two
    line segments using interval notation is infinitesimal.

    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.

    No, it is not. It is a singlet. A singlet is not infinitesimal.

    I am stipulating that the difference in the
    length of the two line segments is defined
    to be infinitesimal.

    You weren't in your message quoted above.

    --
    Mikko

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  • From Richard Heathfield@21:1/5 to Mikko on Thu Aug 28 07:46:29 2025
    On 28/08/2025 07:40, Mikko wrote:
    On 2025-08-27 15:10:18 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/27/2025 3:09 AM, Mikko wrote:
    On 2025-08-26 20:30:51 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/24/2025 9:53 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    Much like infinitesimals, Olcott's refutations of the
    Halting Problem
    proofs don't exist.

    /Flibble


    The difference in the length of a line of these two
    line segments using interval notation is infinitesimal.

    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.

    No, it is not. It is a singlet. A singlet is not infinitesimal.

    I am stipulating that the difference in the
    length of the two line segments is defined
    to be infinitesimal.

    You weren't in your message quoted above.

    The clue is in the word "stipulating".

    Your chain is being yanked.

    --
    Richard Heathfield
    Email: rjh at cpax dot org dot uk
    "Usenet is a strange place" - dmr 29 July 1999
    Sig line 4 vacant - apply within

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  • From Andy Walker@21:1/5 to olcott on Thu Aug 28 17:17:57 2025
    On 28/08/2025 14:51, olcott wrote:
    On 8/28/2025 1:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
    On 2025-08-27 15:10:18 +0000, olcott said:
    I am stipulating that the difference in the
    length of the two line segments is defined
    to be infinitesimal.
    You weren't in your message quoted above.
    This is a statement and not a question.
    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.

    It is /literally/ axiomatic that in "real" arithmetic and
    geometry, there are no infinitesimals. This is the axiom of either
    Archimedes or Eudoxus [take your pick], so was known to the ancient
    Greeks. Also known to the ancient Greeks: a POINT is that which
    has no parts, or which has no magnitude [Euclid, "Elements", book 1,
    definition 1 in Todhunter's translation]. Note: /no/ magnitude,
    not "infinitesimal" magnitude. So if you're going to "stipulate"
    that the difference between two lengths, differing by one point,
    is infinitesimal then those lengths can't be "real". What other
    system of arithmetic and geometry are you stipulating? Enquiring
    minds wish to know.

    [There are infinitesimal hyper-reals, surreals and games
    (amongst others), which are as real as any abstraction ever is.
    But you owe it to your readers to explain what /you/ mean.]

    --
    Andy Walker, Nottingham.
    Andy's music pages: www.cuboid.me.uk/andy/Music
    Composer of the day: www.cuboid.me.uk/andy/Music/Composers/Wolf

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  • From Andy Walker@21:1/5 to olcott on Thu Aug 28 19:34:24 2025
    On 28/08/2025 17:44, olcott wrote:
    [...] "Real number" is
    just  a figure-of-speech name that does not
    entail that numbers outside of the set of "reals"
    are fake.

    No-one said "fake". People are claiming that infinitesimals
    do [or do not] exist. That depends on the universe of discourse, in
    the same way that words such as "bonjour" or "herr" exist in some
    languages but not [natively] in others. So if you [or others] make
    dogmatic statements about such words, there's no point discussing them
    unless that universe is known and agreed. Absent a context, maths is
    usually discussed in terms of the "standard" real numbers, Euclidean
    geometry, etc., with standard results in algebra, calculus and so on.
    So, your unqualified "stipulation" was, quite simply, wrong; there
    are no infinitesimal lengths. In other contexts, less usual, you could
    be correct or you could again be wrong. So I ask again: what context
    are you assuming for your stipulation? If you're going to invent your
    own mathematical theories, the rest of us need to know what the basis
    is for them; otherwise your claims are quite literally nonsense.

    --
    Andy Walker, Nottingham.
    Andy's music pages: www.cuboid.me.uk/andy/Music
    Composer of the day: www.cuboid.me.uk/andy/Music/Composers/Wolf

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  • From Mr Flibble@21:1/5 to olcott on Thu Aug 28 18:27:23 2025
    On Thu, 28 Aug 2025 08:51:58 -0500, olcott wrote:

    On 8/28/2025 1:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
    On 2025-08-27 15:10:18 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/27/2025 3:09 AM, Mikko wrote:
    On 2025-08-26 20:30:51 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/24/2025 9:53 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    Much like infinitesimals, Olcott's refutations of the Halting
    Problem proofs don't exist.

    /Flibble


    The difference in the length of a line of these two line segments
    using interval notation is infinitesimal.

    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.

    No, it is not. It is a singlet. A singlet is not infinitesimal.

    I am stipulating that the difference in the length of the two line
    segments is defined to be infinitesimal.

    You weren't in your message quoted above.


    This is a statement and not a question. [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.

    For what ever real number you think results from that subtraction there
    will always be a real number smaller than it ergo it is not an
    infinitesimal. For real numbers there are no infinitesimals -- this is axiomatic.

    /Flibble

    --
    meet ever shorter deadlines, known as "beat the clock"

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  • From Andy Walker@21:1/5 to All on Thu Aug 28 21:44:51 2025
    On 28/08/2025 20:30, olcott wrote:
    [I wrote:]
    Absent a context, maths is
    usually discussed in terms of the "standard" real numbers, Euclidean
    geometry, etc., with standard results in algebra, calculus and so on.
    So, your unqualified "stipulation" was, quite simply, wrong;
    Not at all really.
    I defined one concrete instance of an infinitesimal.

    You /claimed/ to have it, but your claim directly contradicts one
    of the axioms. So your claim is incorrect /in standard mathematics/. It
    /may/ be correct in other contexts where the axioms are different. You
    do surely understand that axioms are true /by definition/, so that if
    something contradicts an axiom it is incorrect /in that context/? Maths
    has different contexts, just as do both natural and computer languages;
    you can't expect to speak Swahili in France and be widely understood, you
    can't feed Pascal source to a C compiler and expect it to work, and you
    can't expect maths to work unchanged irrespective of the axioms used.
     there
    are no infinitesimal lengths.
    I proved that assumption is false.
    You didn't /prove/ anything; you asserted it, without the context
    that is needed.

    There is a difference in the length of the two
    specified line segments otherwise they would
    be exactly one-and-the-same line segment.

    No, in standard mathematics they are /exactly/ the same /length/; recall that by Euclid, book 1, definition 1, the one point by which they
    differ has /no/ magnitude [not infinitesimal magnitude]. "Same length"
    is not the same as "exactly the same". In other contexts [such as combinatorial game theory] your claim /could/ be correct.

     In other contexts, less usual, you could
    be correct or you could again be wrong.  So I ask again:  what context
    are you assuming for your stipulation?
    In what way is the notion of an infinitesimal length not incoherent?
    No-one said it was "incoherent". But it's not part of standard mathematics. You can't use it unless you supply a context in which the Archimedean axiom does not apply. Archimedes and Euclid have better
    provenance than you, so /by default/ their axioms trump yours, esp as
    yours have so far gone unstated.

    You can't treat mathematics in a cavalier way or it will come back
    and bite you. I've explained this at least three times recently; I'm
    happy to answer questions, but a dogmatic unfounded claim without a clear statement of context is not a question. So if you make such a claim, you
    may assume that my answer is to repeat these three articles; there won't
    be other responses on my part.

    --
    Andy Walker, Nottingham.
    Andy's music pages: www.cuboid.me.uk/andy/Music
    Composer of the day: www.cuboid.me.uk/andy/Music/Composers/Wolf

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  • From Mr Flibble@21:1/5 to olcott on Fri Aug 29 00:10:27 2025
    On Thu, 28 Aug 2025 19:05:41 -0500, olcott wrote:

    On 8/28/2025 6:42 PM, Keith Thompson wrote:
    olcott <[email protected]> writes:
    [...]
    There *is* a difference in the length of these two line segments:
    [0.0,1.0] - [0.0,1.0) and this difference *is* infinitesimal.

    There is not, at least in a context where points on a line can
    correspond to real numbers.

    If your statement is meant to be understood in the context of hyperreal
    or surreal numbers, or something similar, say so.


    It proves that infinitesimals exist entirely on the basis of defining
    two line segments that differ in length by one geometric point. THAT IS
    100% OF THE WHOLE CONTEXT.

    The "length" of a point is zero.

    /Flibble



    --
    meet ever shorter deadlines, known as "beat the clock"

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  • From Richard Heathfield@21:1/5 to olcott on Fri Aug 29 01:18:36 2025
    On 29/08/2025 01:05, olcott wrote:
    On 8/28/2025 6:42 PM, Keith Thompson wrote:
    olcott <[email protected]> writes:
    [...]
    There *is* a difference in the length of these two line
    segments:  [0.0,1.0] - [0.0,1.0) and this difference
    *is* infinitesimal.

    There is not, at least in a context where points on a
    line can correspond to real numbers.

    If your statement is meant to be understood in the context of
    hyperreal or surreal numbers, or something similar, say so.


    It proves that infinitesimals exist entirely on the
    basis of defining two line segments that differ in
    length by one geometric point. THAT IS 100% OF THE WHOLE CONTEXT.

    The length of one geometric point is 0.

    By your definition, then, the only infinitesimal is 0.

    --
    Richard Heathfield
    Email: rjh at cpax dot org dot uk
    "Usenet is a strange place" - dmr 29 July 1999
    Sig line 4 vacant - apply within

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  • From Richard Heathfield@21:1/5 to olcott on Fri Aug 29 03:04:03 2025
    On 29/08/2025 02:46, olcott wrote:
    On 8/28/2025 7:18 PM, Richard Heathfield wrote:
    On 29/08/2025 01:05, olcott wrote:
    On 8/28/2025 6:42 PM, Keith Thompson wrote:
    olcott <[email protected]> writes:
    [...]
    There *is* a difference in the length of these two line
    segments:  [0.0,1.0] - [0.0,1.0) and this difference
    *is* infinitesimal.

    There is not, at least in a context where points on a
    line can correspond to real numbers.

    If your statement is meant to be understood in the context of
    hyperreal or surreal numbers, or something similar, say so.


    It proves that infinitesimals exist entirely on the
    basis of defining two line segments that differ in
    length by one geometric point. THAT IS 100% OF THE WHOLE CONTEXT.

    The length of one geometric point is 0.

    By your definition, then, the only infinitesimal is 0.


    [0.0,1.0] - [0.0,1.0) is different by one geometric point

    Geometric points are 0-dimensional, so they have no size.

    and it is different, thus non zero.

    Okay; clearly we aren't working from the same axioms, so
    discussion's rather pointless, wouldn't you say?

    Good luck with your new mathematics.

    --
    Richard Heathfield
    Email: rjh at cpax dot org dot uk
    "Usenet is a strange place" - dmr 29 July 1999
    Sig line 4 vacant - apply within

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  • From Mikko@21:1/5 to olcott on Fri Aug 29 10:51:22 2025
    On 2025-08-28 13:51:58 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/28/2025 1:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
    On 2025-08-27 15:10:18 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/27/2025 3:09 AM, Mikko wrote:
    On 2025-08-26 20:30:51 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/24/2025 9:53 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    Much like infinitesimals, Olcott's refutations of the Halting Problem >>>>>> proofs don't exist.

    /Flibble


    The difference in the length of a line of these two
    line segments using interval notation is infinitesimal.

    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.

    No, it is not. It is a singlet. A singlet is not infinitesimal.

    I am stipulating that the difference in the
    length of the two line segments is defined
    to be infinitesimal.

    You weren't in your message quoted above.


    This is a statement and not a question.
    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.

    That was understood. More specifically, it is a false statement.

    --
    Mikko

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  • From Mikko@21:1/5 to Andy Walker on Fri Aug 29 10:55:39 2025
    On 2025-08-28 16:17:57 +0000, Andy Walker said:

    On 28/08/2025 14:51, olcott wrote:
    On 8/28/2025 1:40 AM, Mikko wrote:
    On 2025-08-27 15:10:18 +0000, olcott said:
    I am stipulating that the difference in the
    length of the two line segments is defined
    to be infinitesimal.
    You weren't in your message quoted above.
    This is a statement and not a question.
    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.

    It is /literally/ axiomatic that in "real" arithmetic and
    geometry, there are no infinitesimals. This is the axiom of either Archimedes or Eudoxus [take your pick], so was known to the ancient
    Greeks. Also known to the ancient Greeks: a POINT is that which
    has no parts, or which has no magnitude [Euclid, "Elements", book 1, definition 1 in Todhunter's translation]. Note: /no/ magnitude,
    not "infinitesimal" magnitude. So if you're going to "stipulate"
    that the difference between two lengths, differing by one point,
    is infinitesimal then those lengths can't be "real". What other
    system of arithmetic and geometry are you stipulating? Enquiring
    minds wish to know.

    [There are infinitesimal hyper-reals, surreals and games
    (amongst others), which are as real as any abstraction ever is.
    But you owe it to your readers to explain what /you/ mean.]

    The problem is it is really hard to construct axioms that exclude
    every model that has infinitesimals.

    --
    Mikko

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  • From Mikko@21:1/5 to olcott on Fri Aug 29 11:02:51 2025
    On 2025-08-29 00:25:39 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/28/2025 7:10 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    On Thu, 28 Aug 2025 19:05:41 -0500, olcott wrote:

    On 8/28/2025 6:42 PM, Keith Thompson wrote:
    olcott <[email protected]> writes:
    [...]
    There *is* a difference in the length of these two line segments:
    [0.0,1.0] - [0.0,1.0) and this difference *is* infinitesimal.

    There is not, at least in a context where points on a line can
    correspond to real numbers.

    If your statement is meant to be understood in the context of hyperreal >>>> or surreal numbers, or something similar, say so.


    It proves that infinitesimals exist entirely on the basis of defining
    two line segments that differ in length by one geometric point. THAT IS
    100% OF THE WHOLE CONTEXT.

    The "length" of a point is zero.

    /Flibble


    Apparently that has always been a misconception.
    [0.0,1.0] - [0.0,1.0) = infinitesimal, thus not zero.

    Yes, that seems to be your misconception. The length of those
    two intervals is 1.0. But they are different intervals as one
    is closed and the other is not. Their difference is the closed
    singlet interval [1.0, 1.0], the length of which is 0.

    --
    Mikko

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  • From Mikko@21:1/5 to Chris M. Thomasson on Fri Aug 29 11:07:15 2025
    On 2025-08-29 04:10:29 +0000, Chris M. Thomasson said:

    On 8/28/2025 9:08 PM, Chris M. Thomasson wrote:
    On 8/28/2025 5:10 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    On Thu, 28 Aug 2025 19:05:41 -0500, olcott wrote:

    On 8/28/2025 6:42 PM, Keith Thompson wrote:
    olcott <[email protected]> writes:
    [...]
    There *is* a difference in the length of these two line segments:
    [0.0,1.0] - [0.0,1.0) and this difference *is* infinitesimal.

    There is not, at least in a context where points on a line can
    correspond to real numbers.

    If your statement is meant to be understood in the context of hyperreal >>>>> or surreal numbers, or something similar, say so.


    It proves that infinitesimals exist entirely on the basis of defining
    two line segments that differ in length by one geometric point. THAT IS >>>> 100% OF THE WHOLE CONTEXT.

    The "length" of a point is zero.

    What about... A point is a location. It's "length" can be its distance
    from the origin?

    A point is a location. Now we can take said point and do other things.
    Such as take its length from origin.

    Length and distance are different words with different meanings. The
    phrase "lenght from origin" is incorrect but "distance from origin"
    is meaningful if an origin is specified.

    --
    Mikko

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  • From Mikko@21:1/5 to olcott on Fri Aug 29 11:12:27 2025
    On 2025-08-29 03:21:13 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/28/2025 8:59 PM, Keith Thompson wrote:
    olcott <[email protected]> writes:
    On 8/28/2025 6:42 PM, Keith Thompson wrote:
    olcott <[email protected]> writes:
    [...]
    There *is* a difference in the length of these two line
    segments: [0.0,1.0] - [0.0,1.0) and this difference
    *is* infinitesimal.
    There is not, at least in a context where points on a
    line can correspond to real numbers.
    If your statement is meant to be understood in the context of
    hyperreal or surreal numbers, or something similar, say so.


    It proves that infinitesimals exist entirely on the
    basis of defining two line segments that differ in
    length by one geometric point. THAT IS 100% OF THE WHOLE CONTEXT.

    You usually quote an entire article when you post a followup.
    Here you've snipped the context in which I refute your claim.

    Lengths do not differ by one point.

    These do differ by one point.
    [0.0,1.0] - [0.0,1.0)

    Lengths cannot differ by one point because lengths are numbers and
    differences of lengths are numbers but points are not numbers.

    --
    Mikko

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  • From joes@21:1/5 to All on Fri Aug 29 08:18:08 2025
    Am Thu, 28 Aug 2025 16:01:44 -0500 schrieb olcott:
    On 8/28/2025 3:44 PM, Andy Walker wrote:
    On 28/08/2025 20:30, olcott wrote:

    In what way is the notion of an infinitesimal length not incoherent?
        No-one said it was "incoherent".  But it's not part of
        standard mathematics.
    *Yes new ideas are not part of any existing standard*
    Infinitesimals are not new and a part of nonstandard mathematics,
    such as the hyperreal numbers.

    --
    Am Sat, 20 Jul 2024 12:35:31 +0000 schrieb WM in sci.math:
    It is not guaranteed that n+1 exists for every n.

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  • From Mikko@21:1/5 to olcott on Sat Aug 30 13:07:21 2025
    On 2025-08-29 13:30:45 +0000, olcott said:

    On 8/28/2025 11:11 PM, Chris M. Thomasson wrote:
    On 8/28/2025 5:23 PM, olcott wrote:
    On 8/28/2025 7:14 PM, Chris M. Thomasson wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 1:49 PM, olcott wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 3:47 PM, Chris M. Thomasson wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 1:30 PM, olcott wrote:
    On 8/24/2025 9:53 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    Much like infinitesimals, Olcott's refutations of the Halting Problem >>>>>>>> proofs don't exist.

    /Flibble


    The difference in the length of a line of these two
    line segments using interval notation is infinitesimal.

    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.


    AKA one geometric point of difference.

    Do you mean the difference between points p0 and p1? This difference is >>>> normalized within the line segment itself. It points in the direction
    of p0 to p1. In the simple line code I showed.


    I am only referring to the above two line segments
    and any attempt to change this subject will be ignored.



    A line segment is finite. However, there are infinite points on said line...

    A line segment and a line are two entirely different things.

    No. A line contains line segments as parts.

    --
    Mikko

    --- SoupGate-Win32 v1.05
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  • From Richard Damon@21:1/5 to Chris M. Thomasson on Sat Aug 30 08:35:31 2025
    On 8/29/25 12:11 AM, Chris M. Thomasson wrote:
    On 8/28/2025 5:23 PM, olcott wrote:
    On 8/28/2025 7:14 PM, Chris M. Thomasson wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 1:49 PM, olcott wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 3:47 PM, Chris M. Thomasson wrote:
    On 8/26/2025 1:30 PM, olcott wrote:
    On 8/24/2025 9:53 PM, Mr Flibble wrote:
    Much like infinitesimals, Olcott's refutations of the Halting
    Problem
    proofs don't exist.

    /Flibble


    The difference in the length of a line of these two
    line segments using interval notation is infinitesimal.

    [0.0, 1.0] - [0.0, 1.0) == infinitesimal.


    AKA one geometric point of difference.

    Do you mean the difference between points p0 and p1? This difference
    is normalized within the line segment itself. It points in the
    direction of p0 to p1. In the simple line code I showed.


    I am only referring to the above two line segments
    and any attempt to change this subject will be ignored.



    A line segment is finite. However, there are infinite points on said
    line...

    He is refering to the diffence between a closed interval and a half-open
    one.

    Part of the problem is that "intervals" are not "line segments", but
    just something closely related, and line segments, by there definition, classically include their end-points, so the half-open interval isn't a
    line segment.

    This is Olcotts typical not actually knowing the meaning of the terms he
    is using, as he just guesses from a a quick glance at the field.

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